康德

　　伊曼紐康德被許多人認為是現(xiàn)代最偉大的哲學家。康德的生平聽上去是對他這位象牙塔里的知識分子一生的戲稱。他出生在普魯士的柯尼希斯伯格，16 歲的時候進入大學，在這里教書直到 73 歲，除了在這個城市 40 英里的范圍內(nèi)走動外，一生從未出過遠門。他不到 5 英尺高，胸部凹陷，過著單身漢的生活，一生不變，據(jù)說這是為了保存他那脆弱的健康狀況。每天早晨 5 點由男仆將他喚醒，花兩個小時進行學習，還有兩個小時講課，寫作到下午一點，然后再去一家餐館進餐。下午 3 點半，他準時散步一個小時，不管天氣如何。他在菩提樹下的一條小路上散步，只用鼻子呼吸，而且這時候不跟任何人說話。一天余下的時間里，他會花在讀書上面，并準備第二天的講課。約在晚上 9-10 點間睡覺。

　　康德的寫作和講課涉及廣泛的范圍：倫理學、神學、宇宙哲學、美學、邏輯學和知識理論。他在政治和神學上都屬于自由主義者，他同情法國革命，直到恐怖統(tǒng)治為止，他相信民主，熱愛自由。他是萊布尼茲的弟子，直到中年他讀了休謨?nèi)缓笳f，從教條主義的沉睡中醒了過來，并得到啟發(fā)，發(fā)展了一套比萊布尼茲詳細得多的知識理論。

　　Immanuel Kant

　　Immanuel Kant , German philosopher, considered by many the most influential thinker of modern times. Born in Knigsberg , April 22, 1724, Kant received his education at the Collegium Fredericianum and the University of Knigsberg. At the college he studied chiefly the classics, and at the university he studied physics and mathematics. After his father died, he was compelled to halt his university career and earn his living as a private tutor. In 1755, aided by a friend, he resumed his studies and obtained his doctorate. Thereafter, for 15 years he taught at the university, lecturing first on science and mathematics, but gradually enlarging his field of concentration to cover almost all branches of philosophy.

　　Although Kants lectures and works written during this period established his reputation as an original philosopher, he did not receive a chair at the university until 1770, when he was made professor of logic and metaphysics. For the next 27 years he continued to teach and attracted large numbers of students to Knigsberg. Kants unorthodox religious teachings, which were based on rationalism rather than revelation, brought him into conflict with the government of Prussia, and in 1792 he was forbidden by Frederick William II, king of Prussia, to teach or write on religious subjects. Kant obeyed this order for five years until the death of the king and then felt released from his obligation. In 1798, the year following his retirement from the university, he published a summary of his religious views. He died February 12, 1804.

　　The keystone of Kants philosophy, sometimes called critical philosophy, is contained in his Critique of Pure Reason , in which he examined the bases of human knowledge and created an individual epistemology. Like earlier philosophers, Kant differentiated modes of thinking into analytic and synthetic propositions. An analytic proposition is one in which the predicate is contained in the subject, as in the statement Black houses are houses. The truth of this type of proposition is evident, because to state the reverse would be to make the proposition self-contradictory. Such propositions are called analytic because truth is discovered by the analysis of the concept itself. Synthetic propositions, on the other hand, are those that cannot be arrived at by pure analysis, as in the statement The house is lack. All the common propositions that result from experience of the world are synthetic.

　　Key works: German philosopher great thinker

　　康德

　　伊曼紐康德被許多人認為是現(xiàn)代最偉大的哲學家。康德的生平聽上去是對他這位象牙塔里的知識分子一生的戲稱。他出生在普魯士的柯尼希斯伯格，16 歲的時候進入大學，在這里教書直到 73 歲，除了在這個城市 40 英里的范圍內(nèi)走動外，一生從未出過遠門。他不到 5 英尺高，胸部凹陷，過著單身漢的生活，一生不變，據(jù)說這是為了保存他那脆弱的健康狀況。每天早晨 5 點由男仆將他喚醒，花兩個小時進行學習，還有兩個小時講課，寫作到下午一點，然后再去一家餐館進餐。下午 3 點半，他準時散步一個小時，不管天氣如何。他在菩提樹下的一條小路上散步，只用鼻子呼吸，而且這時候不跟任何人說話。一天余下的時間里，他會花在讀書上面，并準備第二天的講課。約在晚上 9-10 點間睡覺。

　　康德的寫作和講課涉及廣泛的范圍：倫理學、神學、宇宙哲學、美學、邏輯學和知識理論。他在政治和神學上都屬于自由主義者，他同情法國革命，直到恐怖統(tǒng)治為止，他相信民主，熱愛自由。他是萊布尼茲的弟子，直到中年他讀了休謨?nèi)缓笳f，從教條主義的沉睡中醒了過來，并得到啟發(fā)，發(fā)展了一套比萊布尼茲詳細得多的知識理論。

　　Immanuel Kant

　　Immanuel Kant , German philosopher, considered by many the most influential thinker of modern times. Born in Knigsberg , April 22, 1724, Kant received his education at the Collegium Fredericianum and the University of Knigsberg. At the college he studied chiefly the classics, and at the university he studied physics and mathematics. After his father died, he was compelled to halt his university career and earn his living as a private tutor. In 1755, aided by a friend, he resumed his studies and obtained his doctorate. Thereafter, for 15 years he taught at the university, lecturing first on science and mathematics, but gradually enlarging his field of concentration to cover almost all branches of philosophy.

　　Although Kants lectures and works written during this period established his reputation as an original philosopher, he did not receive a chair at the university until 1770, when he was made professor of logic and metaphysics. For the next 27 years he continued to teach and attracted large numbers of students to Knigsberg. Kants unorthodox religious teachings, which were based on rationalism rather than revelation, brought him into conflict with the government of Prussia, and in 1792 he was forbidden by Frederick William II, king of Prussia, to teach or write on religious subjects. Kant obeyed this order for five years until the death of the king and then felt released from his obligation. In 1798, the year following his retirement from the university, he published a summary of his religious views. He died February 12, 1804.

　　The keystone of Kants philosophy, sometimes called critical philosophy, is contained in his Critique of Pure Reason , in which he examined the bases of human knowledge and created an individual epistemology. Like earlier philosophers, Kant differentiated modes of thinking into analytic and synthetic propositions. An analytic proposition is one in which the predicate is contained in the subject, as in the statement Black houses are houses. The truth of this type of proposition is evident, because to state the reverse would be to make the proposition self-contradictory. Such propositions are called analytic because truth is discovered by the analysis of the concept itself. Synthetic propositions, on the other hand, are those that cannot be arrived at by pure analysis, as in the statement The house is lack. All the common propositions that result from experience of the world are synthetic.

　　Key works: German philosopher great thinker