運(yùn)動員的表現(xiàn)
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 Athletic performance 運(yùn)動員的表現(xiàn) Faster, higher, no longer 更快，更高已成往事 Is it time to update the Olympic credo? 是時(shí)候更改奧運(yùn)會信條了? ON AUGUST 5th millions of people will watch the 100-metre final at the London Olympics. 數(shù)百萬人將在8月5日觀看倫敦奧運(yùn)會的一百米決賽。 Many will wonder if anyone can repeat Usain Bolt s feat in Berlin in 2009, when the Jamaicanclocked 9.58 seconds, lopping 0.11 secondsaeons in a sprintoff the previous worldrecord, which he set at the 2008 Beijing games. 許多人都想知道誰能重現(xiàn)博爾特奇跡，09年的柏林世界田徑錦標(biāo)賽上，博爾特以9秒58的成績刷新了自己在08年北京奧運(yùn)會創(chuàng)下的記錄，這縮短的0.11秒在短跑界已經(jīng)算是巨大的超越了。 One person who thinks this unlikely is Mark Denny. 有人認(rèn)為沒人能做到，他就是馬克丹尼。 Another 0.11 seconds would take thetime below what Dr Denny, from Stanford University, reckons is the absolute limit of humanathletic performance in the 100-metre dash. 在斯坦福大學(xué)的丹尼博士看來，再縮短0.11秒就超過了運(yùn)動員在百米沖刺表現(xiàn)中的極限。 In 2008 Dr Denny published a paper in which he crunched through the highest speedsachieved each year in running events from sprints to the marathon, some dating back to1900. 2008年丹尼曾經(jīng)發(fā)表了一篇論文，他在其中收集了從短跑到馬拉松等每年的賽跑項(xiàng)目的最佳成績，有的甚至可以追溯到1900年。 A statistical technique called extreme-value analysis discerned trends and themaximum possible deviations from them. 利用一種叫極限價(jià)值分析法的統(tǒng)計(jì)技術(shù)可以看到數(shù)據(jù)走向，并由此計(jì)算出最大可能性。 For the 100 metres, the human speed limit is 10.55 metres per second. 就100米而言，人類的速度極限是每秒10.55米。 This translates to 9.48 seconds. 所以人類一百米最好成績應(yīng)該是9.48秒。 Predicting the limits of human athletic prowess has been a popular parlour game amongnumber crunchers. 估算運(yùn)動員的能力極限是數(shù)據(jù)分析家們最熱衷的室內(nèi)游戲。 One study from 1992 had female marathon runners drawing level with men by 1998, tocomplete the 42.195km course in just under two hours and two minutes. 有一項(xiàng)研究在1992年到1998年間以統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求男女馬拉松運(yùn)動員，即在2小時(shí)2分以內(nèi)跑完42.195。 A more recent analysis from 2004 suggested that male and female 100-metre times willconverge in 2156, at 8.08 seconds. 2004年的一項(xiàng)研究分析曾預(yù)示，到2156年，男女一百米運(yùn)動員的成績都將達(dá)到8.08秒。 Nowadays sport statisticians view such calculations as flawed because they relied on linearextrapolations. 現(xiàn)在的體育統(tǒng)計(jì)員們認(rèn)為，這些計(jì)算還不盡完善，因?yàn)樗鼈兪且跃€性推斷為基礎(chǔ)的。 They prefer to fit data to variants of a logistic curve. 它們傾向于用數(shù)據(jù)去迎合邏輯曲線上的變量。 This produces an S-shaped plot more in line with the intuition that performance starts offrelatively flat. 由此繪制出的S型圖表更符合最初階段相對平庸的表現(xiàn)。 It then goes through a period of rapid improvement as more people take part and moresystematic approaches to training and nutrition get more out of them. 隨著參與人數(shù)的不斷增多和培養(yǎng)訓(xùn)練方式的更加系統(tǒng)化，這個(gè)圖表會在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)快速上升。 It finally levels off as athletes inch towards the most a body can manage. 但隨著運(yùn)動員逐漸接近生理極限，圖表會慢慢趨于平緩。 This already seems to be happening. 現(xiàn)在的情況似乎正是如此。 According to Dr Denny female marathon runners have, in effect, reached their peak. 丹尼博士表示馬拉松女運(yùn)動員實(shí)際上已經(jīng)達(dá)到頂峰。 In a 2010 study Geoffroy Berthelot, of France s National Institute of Sport, showed thatperformance in 23 out of 36 track-and-field events has stagnated since 1993. 法國國家體育協(xié)會的杰弗羅伊貝森羅特在2010年的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中指出，在36項(xiàng)田徑賽事中，有23項(xiàng)的運(yùn)動員表現(xiàn)自1993年以后就一直停滯不前。 The remaining 13 have seen only small increments. 而剩下的13項(xiàng)就算有所提高也是微乎其微。 Pool performance 表現(xiàn)欠佳 In swimming, Dr Berthelot found that all 34 events have seen improvements since 2000,though this may have been aided by the now banned slick, full-body swimsuits which helpedcompetitors in Beijing smash 22 world records. 而在游泳界，貝森羅特博士發(fā)現(xiàn)34項(xiàng)比賽自2000年起都有一定進(jìn)步，雖然這可能要?dú)w功于現(xiàn)在禁止穿光滑的套身泳衣的規(guī)定，該規(guī)定曾幫助運(yùn)動員在北京奧運(yùn)會上打破了22項(xiàng)世界紀(jì)錄。 Before 2000, performance in 16 events had been becalmed, though not in the 400-metresindividual medley, which may explain why China s 16-year-old Ye Shiwen shaved a secondoff the world record and in the final leg stoked controversy by being quicker than the men smedley champion. 2000年之前，在16項(xiàng)游泳比賽中，運(yùn)動員的表現(xiàn)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)瓶頸，但是400米混合泳除外，這也許解釋了為什么中國的16歲小將葉詩文落后世界記錄一秒并在最后一圈的速度甚至超過了男子混合泳冠軍的表現(xiàn)會引發(fā)爭議。 But Alan Nevill, of Wolverhampton University in Britain, reckons this is within the bounds ofpossibility for the 400-metres women s freestyle: a proxy, albeit an imperfect one, for thelast leg of the medley. 但是英國伍爾夫漢普頓大學(xué)的艾倫奈維爾確認(rèn)為，這在女子四百米自由泳中是可能出現(xiàn)的：雖然不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，但仍算混合泳最后一圈的一個(gè)指標(biāo) Drugs and technological tricks aside, ensuring that future Olympics live up to their motto offaster, higher, stronger may thus require some other performance-boosting tricks. 拋開興奮劑使用和技術(shù)作假不說，要保證以后的奧運(yùn)會不辜負(fù)更高，更快，更強(qiáng)的信條，可能要采取一切其他的技巧來促進(jìn)運(yùn)動員的表現(xiàn)。 Steve Haake, of Sheffield Hallam University in Britain, points to a notable blip in the figuresfor the 100-metre dash. 英國謝菲爾德哈勒姆大學(xué)的史蒂芬哈基指出了一百米數(shù)據(jù)中一個(gè)明顯的尖峰信號。 In 1968 the average of the best times of the top 25 athletes was much better than trend. 1968年世界排名前25的運(yùn)動員的最佳成績要比整體趨勢好得多。 This, Dr Haake explains, is because those Olympic games were held in Mexico City. 哈基博士認(rèn)為這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的奧運(yùn)會實(shí)在墨西哥城舉辦的。 At an altitude of 2,240 metres the air there is a fifth thinner than at sea level, providing 20%less draga boon to sprinters who, unlike their endurance counterparts, run anaerobically,and so need not worry about the diminished supply of oxygen. 在海拔高達(dá)2,240的地方，空氣要比海平面稀薄五倍，因此阻力也下降了20%,這是短跑選手的福利，和耐力型長跑運(yùn)動員不同，他們進(jìn)行的是無氧跑步，所以也不必?fù)?dān)心供氧不足的問題。 Eight of the 25 best times that year were recorded at the games, and most of the remaining17 were at higher-than-usual altitudes where athletes prepared for the main event. 當(dāng)年的25個(gè)最佳成績中，有8個(gè)打破了世界紀(jì)錄，剩下的17個(gè)中的大多數(shù)都出自海拔較高的地方，那兒的運(yùn)動員都在為主賽事做準(zhǔn)備。 The reduced drag may have helped Bob Beamon s 8.9-metre long jump, in which theAmerican added 55cm to the world record. 也許下降的空氣阻力還幫助鮑勃比蒙取得了跳遠(yuǎn)8.9米的好成績，由此美國又為世界紀(jì)錄增加了55厘米。 Of that, 31cm was down to a tail wind combined with the altitude. 高海拔加上順風(fēng)讓鮑勃多跳了31米。 Statistics suggest that feats like those of Messrs Bolt and Beamon are increasinglyimprobable. 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明，像博爾特和比蒙這樣的好成績越來越難以出現(xiàn)。 But are they impossible? 但是絕無可能嗎? Peter Weyand, of Southern Methodist University in Texas, has shown that whereas the peakforce which elite sprinters apply to the track is more than four times their body weight, theycan squeeze even more out of their muscles. 德克薩斯州南衛(wèi)理公會教大學(xué)的彼得韋安德表示鑒于頂尖的短跑選手所爆發(fā)出來的最大力量是其體重的4倍，他們的肌肉還是可以擠出更多力量的。 Dr Weyand found that the forces generated while athletes hopped on one leg as fast as theycould on a high-speed treadmill were roughly twice as high as during running at top speed. 韋安德還發(fā)現(xiàn)，運(yùn)動員在一座高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的跑步機(jī)上盡可能快的單腳跳躍時(shí)所迸發(fā)出的力量大約是他們在以最快速度奔跑時(shí)所迸發(fā)出來的兩倍。 This translated into 30% more ground force. 這就是說運(yùn)動員在地面奔跑還能爆發(fā)出30%的力量。 Since ground force is the main determinant of sprinting speed, Dr Weyand s results implythat human muscles are capable of producing enough oomph to propel sprinters one-thirdfaster than Mr Bolt s 2009 record. 既然地面力量是沖刺速度的主要決定因素，韋安德博士的研究結(jié)果表示，人類肌肉還能釋放出足夠的力量，可以幫助運(yùn)動員跑得比博爾特2009年創(chuàng)下的世界紀(jì)錄還要快三分之一。 The reason they have not is that in the normal, two-legged gait the foot is in contact with theground for only around one-tenth of a second, 0.05 seconds less than when hopping. 之所以沒有出現(xiàn)這樣的情況是因?yàn)樵谡Ｇ闆r下，雙腿跑動時(shí)，腳和地面的接觸時(shí)間僅有十分之一秒，比跳躍時(shí)少0.05秒。 As a consequence, muscle fibres do not have enough time to contract to their fullpotential. 所以肌肉組織沒有足夠時(shí)間釋放它們的潛力。 Although tapping all this force while sprinting seems biomechanically inconceivable, theremay be scope for slight alterations in training and gait, focused on increasing the peakpower available to sprinters. 雖然從生物醫(yī)學(xué)的角度來看，在短跑時(shí)發(fā)揮出全部力量似乎是難以置信的，但也許在訓(xùn)練和步伐上還有改進(jìn)的余地，可以關(guān)注如何提高運(yùn)動員所能調(diào)動出的最大力量。 For his part, Dr Denny would be thrilled to see any athlete breach his limits, but he isn tputting any money on it. 如果有人能打破這個(gè)極限丹尼博士一定會很激動，但他可不會在這上面押錢。 詞語解釋 1.date back 回溯至 For a start, they date back to 1947. 首先，這些規(guī)定要追溯至1947年。 Complaints about problems with iranian oresuppliers date back as far as 2008, said jim lin, ananalyst with consulting firm cru group. 金屬咨詢公司cru group的分析師jim lin說，與伊朗鐵礦石供應(yīng)商出現(xiàn)的問題有關(guān)的投訴可以追溯到2008年。 2.seem to 似乎 Financial markets seem to agree. 金融市場似乎也證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。 Investors seem to have noticed. 投資者似乎也注意到了。 3.in effect 實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上 And it is in effect blocked in china. 實(shí)際上臉譜網(wǎng)在中國是禁用的。 A nine-week-old ceasefire is supposed to be in effect. 長達(dá)九周的?；饏f(xié)議被認(rèn)為仍有效。 4.point to 指向,針對 And all signs point to even more cuts ahead. 而各種跡象表明進(jìn)一步的削減還有后頭。 In any case, signs point to a bird surge. 不管怎樣，種種跡象表明禽類的數(shù)量劇增。
2023復(fù)習(xí)正是強(qiáng)化復(fù)習(xí)階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項(xiàng)。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅(jiān)持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強(qiáng)烈推薦了雜志《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認(rèn)真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 Athletic performance 運(yùn)動員的表現(xiàn) Faster, higher, no longer 更快，更高已成往事 Is it time to update the Olympic credo? 是時(shí)候更改奧運(yùn)會信條了? ON AUGUST 5th millions of people will watch the 100-metre final at the London Olympics. 數(shù)百萬人將在8月5日觀看倫敦奧運(yùn)會的一百米決賽。 Many will wonder if anyone can repeat Usain Bolt s feat in Berlin in 2009, when the Jamaicanclocked 9.58 seconds, lopping 0.11 secondsaeons in a sprintoff the previous worldrecord, which he set at the 2008 Beijing games. 許多人都想知道誰能重現(xiàn)博爾特奇跡，09年的柏林世界田徑錦標(biāo)賽上，博爾特以9秒58的成績刷新了自己在08年北京奧運(yùn)會創(chuàng)下的記錄，這縮短的0.11秒在短跑界已經(jīng)算是巨大的超越了。 One person who thinks this unlikely is Mark Denny. 有人認(rèn)為沒人能做到，他就是馬克丹尼。 Another 0.11 seconds would take thetime below what Dr Denny, from Stanford University, reckons is the absolute limit of humanathletic performance in the 100-metre dash. 在斯坦福大學(xué)的丹尼博士看來，再縮短0.11秒就超過了運(yùn)動員在百米沖刺表現(xiàn)中的極限。 In 2008 Dr Denny published a paper in which he crunched through the highest speedsachieved each year in running events from sprints to the marathon, some dating back to1900. 2008年丹尼曾經(jīng)發(fā)表了一篇論文，他在其中收集了從短跑到馬拉松等每年的賽跑項(xiàng)目的最佳成績，有的甚至可以追溯到1900年。 A statistical technique called extreme-value analysis discerned trends and themaximum possible deviations from them. 利用一種叫極限價(jià)值分析法的統(tǒng)計(jì)技術(shù)可以看到數(shù)據(jù)走向，并由此計(jì)算出最大可能性。 For the 100 metres, the human speed limit is 10.55 metres per second. 就100米而言，人類的速度極限是每秒10.55米。 This translates to 9.48 seconds. 所以人類一百米最好成績應(yīng)該是9.48秒。 Predicting the limits of human athletic prowess has been a popular parlour game amongnumber crunchers. 估算運(yùn)動員的能力極限是數(shù)據(jù)分析家們最熱衷的室內(nèi)游戲。 One study from 1992 had female marathon runners drawing level with men by 1998, tocomplete the 42.195km course in just under two hours and two minutes. 有一項(xiàng)研究在1992年到1998年間以統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求男女馬拉松運(yùn)動員，即在2小時(shí)2分以內(nèi)跑完42.195。 A more recent analysis from 2004 suggested that male and female 100-metre times willconverge in 2156, at 8.08 seconds. 2004年的一項(xiàng)研究分析曾預(yù)示，到2156年，男女一百米運(yùn)動員的成績都將達(dá)到8.08秒。 Nowadays sport statisticians view such calculations as flawed because they relied on linearextrapolations. 現(xiàn)在的體育統(tǒng)計(jì)員們認(rèn)為，這些計(jì)算還不盡完善，因?yàn)樗鼈兪且跃€性推斷為基礎(chǔ)的。 They prefer to fit data to variants of a logistic curve. 它們傾向于用數(shù)據(jù)去迎合邏輯曲線上的變量。 This produces an S-shaped plot more in line with the intuition that performance starts offrelatively flat. 由此繪制出的S型圖表更符合最初階段相對平庸的表現(xiàn)。 It then goes through a period of rapid improvement as more people take part and moresystematic approaches to training and nutrition get more out of them. 隨著參與人數(shù)的不斷增多和培養(yǎng)訓(xùn)練方式的更加系統(tǒng)化，這個(gè)圖表會在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)快速上升。 It finally levels off as athletes inch towards the most a body can manage. 但隨著運(yùn)動員逐漸接近生理極限，圖表會慢慢趨于平緩。 This already seems to be happening. 現(xiàn)在的情況似乎正是如此。 According to Dr Denny female marathon runners have, in effect, reached their peak. 丹尼博士表示馬拉松女運(yùn)動員實(shí)際上已經(jīng)達(dá)到頂峰。 In a 2010 study Geoffroy Berthelot, of France s National Institute of Sport, showed thatperformance in 23 out of 36 track-and-field events has stagnated since 1993. 法國國家體育協(xié)會的杰弗羅伊貝森羅特在2010年的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查中指出，在36項(xiàng)田徑賽事中，有23項(xiàng)的運(yùn)動員表現(xiàn)自1993年以后就一直停滯不前。 The remaining 13 have seen only small increments. 而剩下的13項(xiàng)就算有所提高也是微乎其微。 Pool performance 表現(xiàn)欠佳 In swimming, Dr Berthelot found that all 34 events have seen improvements since 2000,though this may have been aided by the now banned slick, full-body swimsuits which helpedcompetitors in Beijing smash 22 world records. 而在游泳界，貝森羅特博士發(fā)現(xiàn)34項(xiàng)比賽自2000年起都有一定進(jìn)步，雖然這可能要?dú)w功于現(xiàn)在禁止穿光滑的套身泳衣的規(guī)定，該規(guī)定曾幫助運(yùn)動員在北京奧運(yùn)會上打破了22項(xiàng)世界紀(jì)錄。 Before 2000, performance in 16 events had been becalmed, though not in the 400-metresindividual medley, which may explain why China s 16-year-old Ye Shiwen shaved a secondoff the world record and in the final leg stoked controversy by being quicker than the men smedley champion. 2000年之前，在16項(xiàng)游泳比賽中，運(yùn)動員的表現(xiàn)已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)瓶頸，但是400米混合泳除外，這也許解釋了為什么中國的16歲小將葉詩文落后世界記錄一秒并在最后一圈的速度甚至超過了男子混合泳冠軍的表現(xiàn)會引發(fā)爭議。 But Alan Nevill, of Wolverhampton University in Britain, reckons this is within the bounds ofpossibility for the 400-metres women s freestyle: a proxy, albeit an imperfect one, for thelast leg of the medley. 但是英國伍爾夫漢普頓大學(xué)的艾倫奈維爾確認(rèn)為，這在女子四百米自由泳中是可能出現(xiàn)的：雖然不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)，但仍算混合泳最后一圈的一個(gè)指標(biāo) Drugs and technological tricks aside, ensuring that future Olympics live up to their motto offaster, higher, stronger may thus require some other performance-boosting tricks. 拋開興奮劑使用和技術(shù)作假不說，要保證以后的奧運(yùn)會不辜負(fù)更高，更快，更強(qiáng)的信條，可能要采取一切其他的技巧來促進(jìn)運(yùn)動員的表現(xiàn)。 Steve Haake, of Sheffield Hallam University in Britain, points to a notable blip in the figuresfor the 100-metre dash. 英國謝菲爾德哈勒姆大學(xué)的史蒂芬哈基指出了一百米數(shù)據(jù)中一個(gè)明顯的尖峰信號。 In 1968 the average of the best times of the top 25 athletes was much better than trend. 1968年世界排名前25的運(yùn)動員的最佳成績要比整體趨勢好得多。 This, Dr Haake explains, is because those Olympic games were held in Mexico City. 哈基博士認(rèn)為這是因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)的奧運(yùn)會實(shí)在墨西哥城舉辦的。 At an altitude of 2,240 metres the air there is a fifth thinner than at sea level, providing 20%less draga boon to sprinters who, unlike their endurance counterparts, run anaerobically,and so need not worry about the diminished supply of oxygen. 在海拔高達(dá)2,240的地方，空氣要比海平面稀薄五倍，因此阻力也下降了20%,這是短跑選手的福利，和耐力型長跑運(yùn)動員不同，他們進(jìn)行的是無氧跑步，所以也不必?fù)?dān)心供氧不足的問題。 Eight of the 25 best times that year were recorded at the games, and most of the remaining17 were at higher-than-usual altitudes where athletes prepared for the main event. 當(dāng)年的25個(gè)最佳成績中，有8個(gè)打破了世界紀(jì)錄，剩下的17個(gè)中的大多數(shù)都出自海拔較高的地方，那兒的運(yùn)動員都在為主賽事做準(zhǔn)備。 The reduced drag may have helped Bob Beamon s 8.9-metre long jump, in which theAmerican added 55cm to the world record. 也許下降的空氣阻力還幫助鮑勃比蒙取得了跳遠(yuǎn)8.9米的好成績，由此美國又為世界紀(jì)錄增加了55厘米。 Of that, 31cm was down to a tail wind combined with the altitude. 高海拔加上順風(fēng)讓鮑勃多跳了31米。 Statistics suggest that feats like those of Messrs Bolt and Beamon are increasinglyimprobable. 統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)表明，像博爾特和比蒙這樣的好成績越來越難以出現(xiàn)。 But are they impossible? 但是絕無可能嗎? Peter Weyand, of Southern Methodist University in Texas, has shown that whereas the peakforce which elite sprinters apply to the track is more than four times their body weight, theycan squeeze even more out of their muscles. 德克薩斯州南衛(wèi)理公會教大學(xué)的彼得韋安德表示鑒于頂尖的短跑選手所爆發(fā)出來的最大力量是其體重的4倍，他們的肌肉還是可以擠出更多力量的。 Dr Weyand found that the forces generated while athletes hopped on one leg as fast as theycould on a high-speed treadmill were roughly twice as high as during running at top speed. 韋安德還發(fā)現(xiàn)，運(yùn)動員在一座高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的跑步機(jī)上盡可能快的單腳跳躍時(shí)所迸發(fā)出的力量大約是他們在以最快速度奔跑時(shí)所迸發(fā)出來的兩倍。 This translated into 30% more ground force. 這就是說運(yùn)動員在地面奔跑還能爆發(fā)出30%的力量。 Since ground force is the main determinant of sprinting speed, Dr Weyand s results implythat human muscles are capable of producing enough oomph to propel sprinters one-thirdfaster than Mr Bolt s 2009 record. 既然地面力量是沖刺速度的主要決定因素，韋安德博士的研究結(jié)果表示，人類肌肉還能釋放出足夠的力量，可以幫助運(yùn)動員跑得比博爾特2009年創(chuàng)下的世界紀(jì)錄還要快三分之一。 The reason they have not is that in the normal, two-legged gait the foot is in contact with theground for only around one-tenth of a second, 0.05 seconds less than when hopping. 之所以沒有出現(xiàn)這樣的情況是因?yàn)樵谡Ｇ闆r下，雙腿跑動時(shí)，腳和地面的接觸時(shí)間僅有十分之一秒，比跳躍時(shí)少0.05秒。 As a consequence, muscle fibres do not have enough time to contract to their fullpotential. 所以肌肉組織沒有足夠時(shí)間釋放它們的潛力。 Although tapping all this force while sprinting seems biomechanically inconceivable, theremay be scope for slight alterations in training and gait, focused on increasing the peakpower available to sprinters. 雖然從生物醫(yī)學(xué)的角度來看，在短跑時(shí)發(fā)揮出全部力量似乎是難以置信的，但也許在訓(xùn)練和步伐上還有改進(jìn)的余地，可以關(guān)注如何提高運(yùn)動員所能調(diào)動出的最大力量。 For his part, Dr Denny would be thrilled to see any athlete breach his limits, but he isn tputting any money on it. 如果有人能打破這個(gè)極限丹尼博士一定會很激動，但他可不會在這上面押錢。 詞語解釋 1.date back 回溯至 For a start, they date back to 1947. 首先，這些規(guī)定要追溯至1947年。 Complaints about problems with iranian oresuppliers date back as far as 2008, said jim lin, ananalyst with consulting firm cru group. 金屬咨詢公司cru group的分析師jim lin說，與伊朗鐵礦石供應(yīng)商出現(xiàn)的問題有關(guān)的投訴可以追溯到2008年。 2.seem to 似乎 Financial markets seem to agree. 金融市場似乎也證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。 Investors seem to have noticed. 投資者似乎也注意到了。 3.in effect 實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上 And it is in effect blocked in china. 實(shí)際上臉譜網(wǎng)在中國是禁用的。 A nine-week-old ceasefire is supposed to be in effect. 長達(dá)九周的停火協(xié)議被認(rèn)為仍有效。 4.point to 指向,針對 And all signs point to even more cuts ahead. 而各種跡象表明進(jìn)一步的削減還有后頭。 In any case, signs point to a bird surge. 不管怎樣，種種跡象表明禽類的數(shù)量劇增。
