2023考研英語(yǔ)閱讀身心醫(yī)學(xué)
Psychosomatic medicine
身心醫(yī)學(xué)
Think yourself well
要相信，你的身體很棒
You can. But it helps to think well of yourself inthe first place
你可以擁有很好的體魄。但首先，你要自我感覺(jué)好，這會(huì)有幫助的。
THE link between mind and body is terrain into which many medical researchers, fearingridicule, dare not tread.
許多醫(yī)學(xué)研究者都不敢探究軀體和心理的關(guān)系，因?yàn)樗麄兒ε拢みM(jìn)這一領(lǐng)域會(huì)受人嘲笑。
But perhaps more should do so.
但也許，研究這方面的人應(yīng)該多一些才好。
For centuries, doctors have recognised the placebo effect, in which the illusion oftreatment, such as pills without an active ingredient, produces real medical benefits.
幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，醫(yī)生已逐漸認(rèn)可了安慰劑效應(yīng)。因?yàn)榛颊邥?huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺(jué)，認(rèn)為自己在接受治療。比如，服用無(wú)活性成分的藥片也能產(chǎn)生實(shí)際療效。
More recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequentlyexperience positive emotions live longer and healthier lives.
根據(jù)最近的可靠的研究表明，平時(shí)積極樂(lè)觀的人會(huì)活得更長(zhǎng)久、更健康。
They have fewer heart attacks, forexample, and fewer colds too.
比如，他們心臟病發(fā)作的次數(shù)更少，也很少感冒。
Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood.
然而，人們才開(kāi)始慢慢了解這種情況發(fā)生的原因。
What is needed is an experiment that points out specific and measurable ways in whichsuch emotions alter an individual s biology.
人們需要的是做一場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，明確這樣的情緒是通過(guò)怎樣具體的、可測(cè)量的方式來(lái)改變?nèi)说纳頎顩r。
And a study published in Psychological Science, by Barbara Fredrickson and Bethany Kok atthe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, does precisely that.
北卡羅來(lái)納大學(xué)教堂山分校的芭芭拉弗雷德里克松和貝瑟尼可可就是按照這個(gè)思路做了一項(xiàng)研究，并在《心理科學(xué)》上發(fā)表了相關(guān)論文。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok concentrated their attentions on the vagus nerve. This nervestarts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several thoracic and abdominalorgans including the heart.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士把注意力集中在迷走神經(jīng)上。這對(duì)神經(jīng)起于顱腔，通過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)分支與胸腔、腹腔的幾個(gè)臟器相連。
Among its jobs is to send signals telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm andsafety.
它的其中一項(xiàng)工作就是為器官發(fā)送信號(hào)，讓它們?cè)谲|體平靜、的狀態(tài)下放緩節(jié)奏。
How effectively the vagus nerve is working can be tracked by monitoring someone s heartrate as he breathes in and out.
他們通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)一個(gè)人吸氣、呼氣時(shí)的心率，追蹤記錄迷走神經(jīng)如何有效地工作。
Healthy vagal function is reflected in a subtle increase in heart rate while breathing in and asubtle decrease while breathing out.
如果吸氣時(shí)心率略微增加，呼氣時(shí)略微下降，則說(shuō)明迷走神經(jīng)工作正常。
The difference yields an index of vagal tone, and the value of this index is known to beconnected with health.
兩次心率之差構(gòu)成迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)。人們都知道該指數(shù)與健康程度有關(guān)。
Low values are, for example, linked to inflammation and heart attacks.
例如，低指數(shù)就與炎癥、心臟病發(fā)作幾率有聯(lián)系。
What particularly interested Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok was recent work that showedsomething else about the vagal-tone index: people with high tone are better than those withlow at stopping bad feelings getting overblown.
讓弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士特別感興趣的是最近的研究，因?yàn)樗@示了迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)的另一個(gè)性質(zhì)：與張力指數(shù)低的人相比，指數(shù)高的人能更好地防止不良情緒失控。
They also show more positive emotions in general.
研究也顯示，指數(shù)高的人大體上情緒更樂(lè)觀。
This may provide the missing link between emotional well-being and physical health.
這也許彌補(bǔ)了心理健康與生理健康之間缺失的環(huán)節(jié)。
In particular, the two researchers found, during a preliminary study they carried out in2010, that the vagal-tone values of those who experience positive emotions over a period oftime go up.
尤其值得注意的是，兩位研究人員在2010年的初步探究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們?nèi)绻w驗(yàn)一段時(shí)間的積極情緒，迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)會(huì)就增加。
This left them wondering whether positive emotions and vagal tone drive one another in avirtuous spiral.
這為他們留下了疑念，積極情緒與迷走神經(jīng)張力是否處于一個(gè)良性循環(huán)之中，互相促進(jìn)?
They therefore conducted an experiment on 65 of the university s staff, to try to find out.
因此，他們對(duì)本校的65名員工展開(kāi)實(shí)驗(yàn)，一探究竟。
They measured all of their volunteers vagal tones at the beginning of the experiment and atits conclusion nine weeks later.
他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)開(kāi)始時(shí)測(cè)量了所有志愿者的迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)，九周后實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)又再次測(cè)量。
In between, the volunteers were asked to go each evening to a website especially designedfor the purpose, and rate their most powerful emotional experiences that day.
在實(shí)驗(yàn)期間，他們要求志愿者每天晚上登錄一家專門(mén)為此設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)站，為當(dāng)天所經(jīng)歷的各種最強(qiáng)烈情緒評(píng)定等級(jí)。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok asked their volunteers to consider nine positive emotions, such ashope, joy and love, and 11 negative ones, including anger, boredom and disgust.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士為志愿者提供了九種可供考慮的積極情緒選項(xiàng)，如期待、開(kāi)心、熱愛(ài)，還有十一種消極情緒，包括憤怒、疲倦、厭惡。
They were asked to rate, on a five-point scale, whetherand how stronglythey had felteach emotion.
兩位博士要求他們以五分制一一打分：是否有這樣的情緒、情緒有多強(qiáng)烈。
One point meant not at all; five meant extremely.
1分代表完全沒(méi)有，5分代表非常強(qiáng)烈。
In addition, half the participants, chosen at random, were invited to a series of workshopsrun by a licensed therapist, to learn a meditation technique intended to engender inthe meditator a feeling of goodwill towards both himself and others.
此外，他們還隨機(jī)邀請(qǐng)了一半志愿者到一個(gè)注冊(cè)治療師開(kāi)的一系列工作坊中，學(xué)習(xí)冥想的技巧，旨在讓冥想者產(chǎn)生一種善待自己、善待他人的情緒。
This group was encouraged to meditate daily, and to report the time they spent doing so.
他們鼓勵(lì)這組人每天冥想，并向他們報(bào)告冥想用的時(shí)間。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok discovered that vagal tone increased significantly in people whomeditated, and hardly at all in those who did not.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發(fā)現(xiàn)，冥想的人的迷走神經(jīng)張力顯著增加，而那些不冥想的人幾乎沒(méi)有任何變化。
Among meditators, those who started the experiment with the highest vagal-tone scoresreported the biggest increases in positive emotions.
在眾多冥想者之中，那些實(shí)驗(yàn)一開(kāi)始就擁有最高指數(shù)的人，積極情緒增加的幅度最大;
Meditators who started with particularly low scores showed virtually no such boost.
而一開(kāi)始指數(shù)就很低的人，幾乎沒(méi)有這樣的奇效。
Taken as a whole, these findings suggest high vagal tone makes it easier to generatepositive emotions and that this, in turn, drives vagal tone still higher.
作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)看，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著，這迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)越高，越容易產(chǎn)生積極情緒;反過(guò)來(lái)，積極情緒又能促進(jìn)指數(shù)的提升。
That is both literally and metaphorically a positive feedback loop.
無(wú)論是從直觀還是隱含的角度看，這都是一個(gè)正反饋循環(huán)。
Which is good news for the emotionally positive, but bad for the emotionally negative, for itimplies that those who most need a psychosomatic boost are incapable of generating one.
對(duì)于情緒樂(lè)觀的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這是個(gè)好消息;但對(duì)于消極的人來(lái)說(shuō)，情況正好相反，因?yàn)樗馕吨切┳钚枰褡骶竦娜藚s往往無(wú)法產(chǎn)生積極情緒。
A further experiment by Dr Kok suggests, however, that the grumpy need not give up allhope.
然而可可博士的進(jìn)一步研究表明，脾氣不好的人也尚存希望。
A simpler procedure than meditation, namely reflecting at night on the day s socialconnections, did seem to cause some improvement to their vagal tone.
有一種比冥想簡(jiǎn)單的方法，即每天晚上對(duì)白天的社交活動(dòng)進(jìn)行反思，似乎能在一定程度上提高迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)。
This might allow even those with a negative outlook on life to bootstrap their way to amental state from which they could then advance to the more powerful technique ofmeditation.
就算是對(duì)生活不抱希望的人，也可能通過(guò)這種方式自我解脫，達(dá)到另一種精神狀態(tài)，然后他們可以進(jìn)一步使用效果更好的冥想技巧。
Whether, besides improving general health, the mechanism Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok havediscovered helps explain the placebo effect remains to be investigated.
除了提高綜合健康水平，弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)制是否有助于解釋安慰劑效應(yīng)，還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
But it might, because part of that effect seems to be the good feeling engendered by the factof being treated.
但這的確有可能，因?yàn)榘参縿┬?yīng)就包括實(shí)驗(yàn)中因治療產(chǎn)生的良好情緒。
More generally, doctors in the ancient world had a saying: a healthy mind in a healthy body.
更為普遍的是，古代的醫(yī)生就有個(gè)說(shuō)法：身體好，精氣兒足。
This sort of work suggests that though this proverb is true, a better one might be, a healthymind for a healthy body.
而這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)則啟發(fā)人們，盡管諺語(yǔ)說(shuō)得有理，但精氣兒足，身體好可能才更準(zhǔn)確。
詞語(yǔ)解釋
1.think well of 對(duì)有好感
He always thinks of others. People think well ofhim.
他總是為別人著想。人們對(duì)他看法很好。
All the teachers think well of yang pei.
所有老師都對(duì)楊蓓印象很好。
2.placebo effect 安慰劑效應(yīng)
The placebo effect s been well-documented.
安慰劑效果證據(jù)充分。
Molassiotis says that the improvements were not down to the placebo effect.
莫拉修迪斯說(shuō)這一改善無(wú)法歸為安慰劑效應(yīng)。
3.heart attacks 心臟病發(fā)作
Deaths from heart attacks also declined.
因心臟病而死亡的人數(shù)也已大大的降低。
The end result may be heart attacks or internal blood clots.
最終的結(jié)果可能是心臟病發(fā)作或體內(nèi)血塊。
4.in particular 尤其， 特別
Progress is needed in three areas in particular.
尤其需要在三個(gè)方面取得進(jìn)展。
Unemployment in particular has risen less than once seemed likely.
特別是失業(yè)率的增速似乎可能有所放緩。
Psychosomatic medicine
身心醫(yī)學(xué)
Think yourself well
要相信，你的身體很棒
You can. But it helps to think well of yourself inthe first place
你可以擁有很好的體魄。但首先，你要自我感覺(jué)好，這會(huì)有幫助的。
THE link between mind and body is terrain into which many medical researchers, fearingridicule, dare not tread.
許多醫(yī)學(xué)研究者都不敢探究軀體和心理的關(guān)系，因?yàn)樗麄兒ε拢みM(jìn)這一領(lǐng)域會(huì)受人嘲笑。
But perhaps more should do so.
但也許，研究這方面的人應(yīng)該多一些才好。
For centuries, doctors have recognised the placebo effect, in which the illusion oftreatment, such as pills without an active ingredient, produces real medical benefits.
幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái)，醫(yī)生已逐漸認(rèn)可了安慰劑效應(yīng)。因?yàn)榛颊邥?huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺(jué)，認(rèn)為自己在接受治療。比如，服用無(wú)活性成分的藥片也能產(chǎn)生實(shí)際療效。
More recently, respectable research has demonstrated that those who frequentlyexperience positive emotions live longer and healthier lives.
根據(jù)最近的可靠的研究表明，平時(shí)積極樂(lè)觀的人會(huì)活得更長(zhǎng)久、更健康。
They have fewer heart attacks, forexample, and fewer colds too.
比如，他們心臟病發(fā)作的次數(shù)更少，也很少感冒。
Why this happens, though, is only slowly becoming understood.
然而，人們才開(kāi)始慢慢了解這種情況發(fā)生的原因。
What is needed is an experiment that points out specific and measurable ways in whichsuch emotions alter an individual s biology.
人們需要的是做一場(chǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)，明確這樣的情緒是通過(guò)怎樣具體的、可測(cè)量的方式來(lái)改變?nèi)说纳頎顩r。
And a study published in Psychological Science, by Barbara Fredrickson and Bethany Kok atthe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, does precisely that.
北卡羅來(lái)納大學(xué)教堂山分校的芭芭拉弗雷德里克松和貝瑟尼可可就是按照這個(gè)思路做了一項(xiàng)研究，并在《心理科學(xué)》上發(fā)表了相關(guān)論文。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok concentrated their attentions on the vagus nerve. This nervestarts in the brain and runs, via numerous branches, to several thoracic and abdominalorgans including the heart.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士把注意力集中在迷走神經(jīng)上。這對(duì)神經(jīng)起于顱腔，通過(guò)無(wú)數(shù)分支與胸腔、腹腔的幾個(gè)臟器相連。
Among its jobs is to send signals telling that organ to slow down during moments of calm andsafety.
它的其中一項(xiàng)工作就是為器官發(fā)送信號(hào)，讓它們?cè)谲|體平靜、的狀態(tài)下放緩節(jié)奏。
How effectively the vagus nerve is working can be tracked by monitoring someone s heartrate as he breathes in and out.
他們通過(guò)監(jiān)測(cè)一個(gè)人吸氣、呼氣時(shí)的心率，追蹤記錄迷走神經(jīng)如何有效地工作。
Healthy vagal function is reflected in a subtle increase in heart rate while breathing in and asubtle decrease while breathing out.
如果吸氣時(shí)心率略微增加，呼氣時(shí)略微下降，則說(shuō)明迷走神經(jīng)工作正常。
The difference yields an index of vagal tone, and the value of this index is known to beconnected with health.
兩次心率之差構(gòu)成迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)。人們都知道該指數(shù)與健康程度有關(guān)。
Low values are, for example, linked to inflammation and heart attacks.
例如，低指數(shù)就與炎癥、心臟病發(fā)作幾率有聯(lián)系。
What particularly interested Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok was recent work that showedsomething else about the vagal-tone index: people with high tone are better than those withlow at stopping bad feelings getting overblown.
讓弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士特別感興趣的是最近的研究，因?yàn)樗@示了迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)的另一個(gè)性質(zhì)：與張力指數(shù)低的人相比，指數(shù)高的人能更好地防止不良情緒失控。
They also show more positive emotions in general.
研究也顯示，指數(shù)高的人大體上情緒更樂(lè)觀。
This may provide the missing link between emotional well-being and physical health.
這也許彌補(bǔ)了心理健康與生理健康之間缺失的環(huán)節(jié)。
In particular, the two researchers found, during a preliminary study they carried out in2010, that the vagal-tone values of those who experience positive emotions over a period oftime go up.
尤其值得注意的是，兩位研究人員在2010年的初步探究中發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們?nèi)绻w驗(yàn)一段時(shí)間的積極情緒，迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)會(huì)就增加。
This left them wondering whether positive emotions and vagal tone drive one another in avirtuous spiral.
這為他們留下了疑念，積極情緒與迷走神經(jīng)張力是否處于一個(gè)良性循環(huán)之中，互相促進(jìn)?
They therefore conducted an experiment on 65 of the university s staff, to try to find out.
因此，他們對(duì)本校的65名員工展開(kāi)實(shí)驗(yàn)，一探究竟。
They measured all of their volunteers vagal tones at the beginning of the experiment and atits conclusion nine weeks later.
他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)開(kāi)始時(shí)測(cè)量了所有志愿者的迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)，九周后實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)束時(shí)又再次測(cè)量。
In between, the volunteers were asked to go each evening to a website especially designedfor the purpose, and rate their most powerful emotional experiences that day.
在實(shí)驗(yàn)期間，他們要求志愿者每天晚上登錄一家專門(mén)為此設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)站，為當(dāng)天所經(jīng)歷的各種最強(qiáng)烈情緒評(píng)定等級(jí)。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok asked their volunteers to consider nine positive emotions, such ashope, joy and love, and 11 negative ones, including anger, boredom and disgust.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士為志愿者提供了九種可供考慮的積極情緒選項(xiàng)，如期待、開(kāi)心、熱愛(ài)，還有十一種消極情緒，包括憤怒、疲倦、厭惡。
They were asked to rate, on a five-point scale, whetherand how stronglythey had felteach emotion.
兩位博士要求他們以五分制一一打分：是否有這樣的情緒、情緒有多強(qiáng)烈。
One point meant not at all; five meant extremely.
1分代表完全沒(méi)有，5分代表非常強(qiáng)烈。
In addition, half the participants, chosen at random, were invited to a series of workshopsrun by a licensed therapist, to learn a meditation technique intended to engender inthe meditator a feeling of goodwill towards both himself and others.
此外，他們還隨機(jī)邀請(qǐng)了一半志愿者到一個(gè)注冊(cè)治療師開(kāi)的一系列工作坊中，學(xué)習(xí)冥想的技巧，旨在讓冥想者產(chǎn)生一種善待自己、善待他人的情緒。
This group was encouraged to meditate daily, and to report the time they spent doing so.
他們鼓勵(lì)這組人每天冥想，并向他們報(bào)告冥想用的時(shí)間。
Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok discovered that vagal tone increased significantly in people whomeditated, and hardly at all in those who did not.
弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發(fā)現(xiàn)，冥想的人的迷走神經(jīng)張力顯著增加，而那些不冥想的人幾乎沒(méi)有任何變化。
Among meditators, those who started the experiment with the highest vagal-tone scoresreported the biggest increases in positive emotions.
在眾多冥想者之中，那些實(shí)驗(yàn)一開(kāi)始就擁有最高指數(shù)的人，積極情緒增加的幅度最大;
Meditators who started with particularly low scores showed virtually no such boost.
而一開(kāi)始指數(shù)就很低的人，幾乎沒(méi)有這樣的奇效。
Taken as a whole, these findings suggest high vagal tone makes it easier to generatepositive emotions and that this, in turn, drives vagal tone still higher.
作為一個(gè)整體來(lái)看，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)意味著，這迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)越高，越容易產(chǎn)生積極情緒;反過(guò)來(lái)，積極情緒又能促進(jìn)指數(shù)的提升。
That is both literally and metaphorically a positive feedback loop.
無(wú)論是從直觀還是隱含的角度看，這都是一個(gè)正反饋循環(huán)。
Which is good news for the emotionally positive, but bad for the emotionally negative, for itimplies that those who most need a psychosomatic boost are incapable of generating one.
對(duì)于情緒樂(lè)觀的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這是個(gè)好消息;但對(duì)于消極的人來(lái)說(shuō)，情況正好相反，因?yàn)樗馕吨切┳钚枰褡骶竦娜藚s往往無(wú)法產(chǎn)生積極情緒。
A further experiment by Dr Kok suggests, however, that the grumpy need not give up allhope.
然而可可博士的進(jìn)一步研究表明，脾氣不好的人也尚存希望。
A simpler procedure than meditation, namely reflecting at night on the day s socialconnections, did seem to cause some improvement to their vagal tone.
有一種比冥想簡(jiǎn)單的方法，即每天晚上對(duì)白天的社交活動(dòng)進(jìn)行反思，似乎能在一定程度上提高迷走神經(jīng)張力指數(shù)。
This might allow even those with a negative outlook on life to bootstrap their way to amental state from which they could then advance to the more powerful technique ofmeditation.
就算是對(duì)生活不抱希望的人，也可能通過(guò)這種方式自我解脫，達(dá)到另一種精神狀態(tài)，然后他們可以進(jìn)一步使用效果更好的冥想技巧。
Whether, besides improving general health, the mechanism Dr Fredrickson and Dr Kok havediscovered helps explain the placebo effect remains to be investigated.
除了提高綜合健康水平，弗雷德里克松博士和可可博士發(fā)現(xiàn)的機(jī)制是否有助于解釋安慰劑效應(yīng)，還有待進(jìn)一步研究。
But it might, because part of that effect seems to be the good feeling engendered by the factof being treated.
但這的確有可能，因?yàn)榘参縿┬?yīng)就包括實(shí)驗(yàn)中因治療產(chǎn)生的良好情緒。
More generally, doctors in the ancient world had a saying: a healthy mind in a healthy body.
更為普遍的是，古代的醫(yī)生就有個(gè)說(shuō)法：身體好，精氣兒足。
This sort of work suggests that though this proverb is true, a better one might be, a healthymind for a healthy body.
而這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)則啟發(fā)人們，盡管諺語(yǔ)說(shuō)得有理，但精氣兒足，身體好可能才更準(zhǔn)確。
詞語(yǔ)解釋
1.think well of 對(duì)有好感
He always thinks of others. People think well ofhim.
他總是為別人著想。人們對(duì)他看法很好。
All the teachers think well of yang pei.
所有老師都對(duì)楊蓓印象很好。
2.placebo effect 安慰劑效應(yīng)
The placebo effect s been well-documented.
安慰劑效果證據(jù)充分。
Molassiotis says that the improvements were not down to the placebo effect.
莫拉修迪斯說(shuō)這一改善無(wú)法歸為安慰劑效應(yīng)。
3.heart attacks 心臟病發(fā)作
Deaths from heart attacks also declined.
因心臟病而死亡的人數(shù)也已大大的降低。
The end result may be heart attacks or internal blood clots.
最終的結(jié)果可能是心臟病發(fā)作或體內(nèi)血塊。
4.in particular 尤其， 特別
Progress is needed in three areas in particular.
尤其需要在三個(gè)方面取得進(jìn)展。
Unemployment in particular has risen less than once seemed likely.
特別是失業(yè)率的增速似乎可能有所放緩。
