2023復習正是強化復習階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經濟學人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 　　The nature of humanity 　　人類本質 　　What s a man? 　　什么是人類 　　Studies of brain genetics are starting to revealwhat makes humans human 　　大腦遺傳研究，為你解開人之所以為人的奧秘 　　THE problem with understanding human uniqueness is precisely that it is unique. 　　研究人類獨特性的難題在于這個獨特性本身就很獨特。 　　Though the proper study of mankind may be man, that study will yield little if there is noreference point to compare man with. 　　雖然人類研究的主體對象是人，但是如果沒有比照對象的參與，研究很難有所突破。 　　That, at least, is the philosophy of Svante Paabo of the Max Planck Institute for EvolutionaryAnthropology, in Leipzig. 　　至少，來自萊比錫馬克斯普朗克進化人類研究所的斯萬特帕珀是這樣認為的。 　　Dr Paabo, whose work on fossil DNA was the inspiration for Jurassic Park, 　　帕珀博士主要研究化石的DNA，正是受到《侏羅紀公園》啟發， 　　has since become interested in human evolution. 　　他對人類進化史產生了濃厚的興趣。 　　To this end, he and his colleagues have sequenced the DNA of both Neanderthal man and anAsian species of prehistoric human, 　　為了一探究竟，他和同事將穴居人和史前亞洲人種, 　　the Denisovians, which Dr Paabo s own work identified. 　　帕珀博士將其定義為丹尼索維亞人的DNA按序排列。 　　Now he has turned his attentions to modern Homo sapiens. 　　現在他又將注意力轉移到了現代智人身上。 　　In collaboration with a team from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 　　帕珀博士和同事菲利普卡托維奇與中國科學院的科學家們相互合作， 　　Dr Paabo and his colleague Philipp Khaitovich have compared genetic activity over thecourse of a lifetime in the brains of humans, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. 　　將人類，猩猩，以及恒河猴有生之年的大腦遺傳活動進行了比對。 　　They have then matched what they found with what is known of Neanderthals, 　　隨后，他們將研究成果同穴居人研究成果相配對， 　　and think they have thus discovered at least part of the genetic difference between Homosapiens and the others that creates human uniqueness. 　　并發現了智人和其他物種的差異，至少是部分差異。正是這些差異造就了人類獨一無二的特性。 　　Dr Paabo and his colleagues focused their examination, 　　帕珀博士和同事十分重視實驗， 　　just published in Genome Research, on two parts of the brain. 　　他們只在《基因研究》雜志上刊登了大腦兩個區域的研究成果。 　　One was the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 　　區域一是大腦背外側前額皮層， 　　which is the seat of abstract reasoning and social behaviour,things that humans areparticularly good at. 　　主管抽象思考和社交行為一類人類尤為擅長的活動。 　　The other was the lateral cerebellar cortex, which is more to do with manual abilities. 　　區域二是同動手能力聯系密切的外側小腦皮層。 　　They extracted cells, post mortem, from people, chimps and monkeys of many ages, andlooked at which genes had been active in these cells when the owners were alive. 　　他們從不同年齡層的人類，黑猩猩以及猴子尸體上提取相關細胞，然后觀察哪些基因在宿主存活時表現活躍。 　　The vortex of the cortex 　　皮層漩渦 　　They did this by examining the RNA in the cells. 　　他們通過檢驗細胞中的RNA來進行觀察。 　　RNA molecules are single-stranded copies of the double-helical DNA genes in the cellnucleus. 　　RNA分子是細胞核內的雙螺旋DNA基因的單鏈拷貝。 　　Their job is to carry instructions from the genes to a cell s protein-making machinery. 　　RNA的工作是把基因的指令帶到細胞的蛋白質形成機構內。 　　Most primate genes have now been identified, 　　現在大部分靈長類動物的基因都已被識別出來， 　　so it is possible to make chips covered with complementary strands to the RNA messengers, 　　所以人類可以制作一張芯片，在上面布滿結構互補的單鏈RNA， 　　to which these messengers will uniquely stick, and which thus act as probes for particularmessenger molecules. 　　因為信使RNA會與其緊密結合，所以可以專門用該芯片來搜尋攜帶遺傳信息的分子。 　　Using such chips, Dr Khaitovich and Dr Paabo were able to find out when, during the course oflife, particular genes were active, 　　卡托維奇博士和帕珀博士計算出了不同年齡段的不同個體的大腦的特定區域內每個基因細胞里的RNA數量， 　　by working out how much RNA from each gene cells from particular parts of the brains ofindividuals of different ages contained. 　　并利用該芯片，找出了一生中表現活躍的幾個特定基因。 　　Their results fell into six categories. 　　以下是他們的六大發現。 　　First, they found some genes whose expression patterns over a lifetime were uniquelyhuman and others that were uniquely chimpanzee. 　　發現一，有的基因的表達方式為人類特有，有的為猩猩特有， 　　Second, they discovered that there were more uniquely human expression patterns thanuniquely chimp ones. 　　發現二，人類特有的基因表達要多于猩猩。 　　Third, unique human expression patterns were more common in the prefrontal cortex thanin the cerebellum. 　　發現三，人類特有的基因表達多出現與前額葉皮層，而不是小腦。 　　Fourth, though these uniquely expressed genes were most active in the young of allspecies, 　　發現四，盡管這些物種特有的表達基因最活躍的時期都在青年期， 　　their period of activity was several years longer in humans than in the others. 　　但是人類基因的活躍期較長，能持續數年。 　　Fifth, the activities of a lot of the uniquely active genes seemed to be correlated: 　　發現五，許多活躍基因所進行的活動是相互聯系的: 　　the researchers identified seven groups of genes which each seemed to be working as amodule. 　　研究者發現了七組基因，似乎每一組都是獨立的單元。 　　And sixth, these modular genes seem to be involved in the crucial job of linking nerve cellstogether through junctions called synapses. 　　發現六：這些單位基因組似乎在擔子不輕，它們要經過各個樞紐將神經細胞連接到一起，這些樞紐名叫突觸。 　　To summarise, human beings have suites of genes that probably cause their brains to beplastic, 　　總之，人類特有的一套套基因讓大腦具備了可塑性， 　　and thus receptive to change far longer than is true for chimps or monkeys. 　　而且應變能力的維持時間要遠遠長于猩猩和猴子的大腦。 　　Moreover, Dr Khaitovich was able to work out how the expression of these modules of geneswas co-ordinated, 　　另外，卡托維奇博士通過觀察控制基因單位的開關， 　　by looking at the switches, known as transcription factors, that turn them on and off. 　　也就是眾所周知的轉錄因子，已經能夠解答各個基因單位的表達是如何協調的問題。 　　Indeed, by comparing modern genomes with their discoveries about Neanderthals Dr Paabo sgroup has found that the regulatory process for one of the modules came into existence afterthe modern human and Neanderthal lines separated from one another, about 300,000 yearsago. 　　的確，通過比對現代人基因組和穴居人研究成果，帕珀博士一行人已經發現了某組基因的調節過程，早在30萬年前，當現代人類從穴居人家系中分離出來時，該組基因就已存在。 　　Unfortunately, it is not possible to look at the expression pattern of genes in Neanderthals,and it probably never will be. 　　然而不幸的是，現在已經無法觀察穴居人的基因表達方式，而且可能再也看不到了。 　　But it might be possible, as knowledge advances, to reconstruct part of it from a betterunderstanding of that extinct species s DNA. 　　但是隨著知識的積累，科學倒是家可以憑借對已消亡的物種的DNA更深入的了解，將穴居人的部分基因重現出來。 　　Pleistocene Park, anybody? 　　拍一部《更新世公園》，怎么樣? 　　詞語解釋 　　1.compare with 與...相比較 　　Life isn t fair-don t compare with or be jealous ofothers. 　　生活并不是公平的不要比較也不要嫉妒別人。 　　Atheists have precious little to compare with this. 　　相比之下，無神論者的資源就少得可憐。 　　2.interested in 對感興趣 　　Perhaps you d be interested in red roses. 　　也許你會對紅玫瑰感興趣。 　　How did you first become interested in chinese? 　　您是怎么開始對中文產生興趣的? 　　3.turn to 變成,求助于 　　For evidence that this is possible, turn to sweden. 　　至于這方面成功的案例，請把目光轉向瑞典。 　　In previous downturns chinese steelmakers could turn to export markets. 　　在以往的低迷期，中國鋼鐵制造商可以求助于出口市場。 　　4.seem to 似乎 　　Financial markets seem to agree. 　　金融市場似乎也證實了這一點。 　　Investors seem to have noticed. 　　投資者似乎也注意到了。

　　2023復習正是強化復習階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經濟學人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 　　The nature of humanity 　　人類本質 　　What s a man? 　　什么是人類 　　Studies of brain genetics are starting to revealwhat makes humans human 　　大腦遺傳研究，為你解開人之所以為人的奧秘 　　THE problem with understanding human uniqueness is precisely that it is unique. 　　研究人類獨特性的難題在于這個獨特性本身就很獨特。 　　Though the proper study of mankind may be man, that study will yield little if there is noreference point to compare man with. 　　雖然人類研究的主體對象是人，但是如果沒有比照對象的參與，研究很難有所突破。 　　That, at least, is the philosophy of Svante Paabo of the Max Planck Institute for EvolutionaryAnthropology, in Leipzig. 　　至少，來自萊比錫馬克斯普朗克進化人類研究所的斯萬特帕珀是這樣認為的。 　　Dr Paabo, whose work on fossil DNA was the inspiration for Jurassic Park, 　　帕珀博士主要研究化石的DNA，正是受到《侏羅紀公園》啟發， 　　has since become interested in human evolution. 　　他對人類進化史產生了濃厚的興趣。 　　To this end, he and his colleagues have sequenced the DNA of both Neanderthal man and anAsian species of prehistoric human, 　　為了一探究竟，他和同事將穴居人和史前亞洲人種, 　　the Denisovians, which Dr Paabo s own work identified. 　　帕珀博士將其定義為丹尼索維亞人的DNA按序排列。 　　Now he has turned his attentions to modern Homo sapiens. 　　現在他又將注意力轉移到了現代智人身上。 　　In collaboration with a team from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 　　帕珀博士和同事菲利普卡托維奇與中國科學院的科學家們相互合作， 　　Dr Paabo and his colleague Philipp Khaitovich have compared genetic activity over thecourse of a lifetime in the brains of humans, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. 　　將人類，猩猩，以及恒河猴有生之年的大腦遺傳活動進行了比對。 　　They have then matched what they found with what is known of Neanderthals, 　　隨后，他們將研究成果同穴居人研究成果相配對， 　　and think they have thus discovered at least part of the genetic difference between Homosapiens and the others that creates human uniqueness. 　　并發現了智人和其他物種的差異，至少是部分差異。正是這些差異造就了人類獨一無二的特性。 　　Dr Paabo and his colleagues focused their examination, 　　帕珀博士和同事十分重視實驗， 　　just published in Genome Research, on two parts of the brain. 　　他們只在《基因研究》雜志上刊登了大腦兩個區域的研究成果。 　　One was the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 　　區域一是大腦背外側前額皮層， 　　which is the seat of abstract reasoning and social behaviour,things that humans areparticularly good at. 　　主管抽象思考和社交行為一類人類尤為擅長的活動。 　　The other was the lateral cerebellar cortex, which is more to do with manual abilities. 　　區域二是同動手能力聯系密切的外側小腦皮層。 　　They extracted cells, post mortem, from people, chimps and monkeys of many ages, andlooked at which genes had been active in these cells when the owners were alive. 　　他們從不同年齡層的人類，黑猩猩以及猴子尸體上提取相關細胞，然后觀察哪些基因在宿主存活時表現活躍。 　　The vortex of the cortex 　　皮層漩渦 　　They did this by examining the RNA in the cells. 　　他們通過檢驗細胞中的RNA來進行觀察。 　　RNA molecules are single-stranded copies of the double-helical DNA genes in the cellnucleus. 　　RNA分子是細胞核內的雙螺旋DNA基因的單鏈拷貝。 　　Their job is to carry instructions from the genes to a cell s protein-making machinery. 　　RNA的工作是把基因的指令帶到細胞的蛋白質形成機構內。 　　Most primate genes have now been identified, 　　現在大部分靈長類動物的基因都已被識別出來， 　　so it is possible to make chips covered with complementary strands to the RNA messengers, 　　所以人類可以制作一張芯片，在上面布滿結構互補的單鏈RNA， 　　to which these messengers will uniquely stick, and which thus act as probes for particularmessenger molecules. 　　因為信使RNA會與其緊密結合，所以可以專門用該芯片來搜尋攜帶遺傳信息的分子。 　　Using such chips, Dr Khaitovich and Dr Paabo were able to find out when, during the course oflife, particular genes were active, 　　卡托維奇博士和帕珀博士計算出了不同年齡段的不同個體的大腦的特定區域內每個基因細胞里的RNA數量， 　　by working out how much RNA from each gene cells from particular parts of the brains ofindividuals of different ages contained. 　　并利用該芯片，找出了一生中表現活躍的幾個特定基因。 　　Their results fell into six categories. 　　以下是他們的六大發現。 　　First, they found some genes whose expression patterns over a lifetime were uniquelyhuman and others that were uniquely chimpanzee. 　　發現一，有的基因的表達方式為人類特有，有的為猩猩特有， 　　Second, they discovered that there were more uniquely human expression patterns thanuniquely chimp ones. 　　發現二，人類特有的基因表達要多于猩猩。 　　Third, unique human expression patterns were more common in the prefrontal cortex thanin the cerebellum. 　　發現三，人類特有的基因表達多出現與前額葉皮層，而不是小腦。 　　Fourth, though these uniquely expressed genes were most active in the young of allspecies, 　　發現四，盡管這些物種特有的表達基因最活躍的時期都在青年期， 　　their period of activity was several years longer in humans than in the others. 　　但是人類基因的活躍期較長，能持續數年。 　　Fifth, the activities of a lot of the uniquely active genes seemed to be correlated: 　　發現五，許多活躍基因所進行的活動是相互聯系的: 　　the researchers identified seven groups of genes which each seemed to be working as amodule. 　　研究者發現了七組基因，似乎每一組都是獨立的單元。 　　And sixth, these modular genes seem to be involved in the crucial job of linking nerve cellstogether through junctions called synapses. 　　發現六：這些單位基因組似乎在擔子不輕，它們要經過各個樞紐將神經細胞連接到一起，這些樞紐名叫突觸。 　　To summarise, human beings have suites of genes that probably cause their brains to beplastic, 　　總之，人類特有的一套套基因讓大腦具備了可塑性， 　　and thus receptive to change far longer than is true for chimps or monkeys. 　　而且應變能力的維持時間要遠遠長于猩猩和猴子的大腦。 　　Moreover, Dr Khaitovich was able to work out how the expression of these modules of geneswas co-ordinated, 　　另外，卡托維奇博士通過觀察控制基因單位的開關， 　　by looking at the switches, known as transcription factors, that turn them on and off. 　　也就是眾所周知的轉錄因子，已經能夠解答各個基因單位的表達是如何協調的問題。 　　Indeed, by comparing modern genomes with their discoveries about Neanderthals Dr Paabo sgroup has found that the regulatory process for one of the modules came into existence afterthe modern human and Neanderthal lines separated from one another, about 300,000 yearsago. 　　的確，通過比對現代人基因組和穴居人研究成果，帕珀博士一行人已經發現了某組基因的調節過程，早在30萬年前，當現代人類從穴居人家系中分離出來時，該組基因就已存在。 　　Unfortunately, it is not possible to look at the expression pattern of genes in Neanderthals,and it probably never will be. 　　然而不幸的是，現在已經無法觀察穴居人的基因表達方式，而且可能再也看不到了。 　　But it might be possible, as knowledge advances, to reconstruct part of it from a betterunderstanding of that extinct species s DNA. 　　但是隨著知識的積累，科學倒是家可以憑借對已消亡的物種的DNA更深入的了解，將穴居人的部分基因重現出來。 　　Pleistocene Park, anybody? 　　拍一部《更新世公園》，怎么樣? 　　詞語解釋 　　1.compare with 與...相比較 　　Life isn t fair-don t compare with or be jealous ofothers. 　　生活并不是公平的不要比較也不要嫉妒別人。 　　Atheists have precious little to compare with this. 　　相比之下，無神論者的資源就少得可憐。 　　2.interested in 對感興趣 　　Perhaps you d be interested in red roses. 　　也許你會對紅玫瑰感興趣。 　　How did you first become interested in chinese? 　　您是怎么開始對中文產生興趣的? 　　3.turn to 變成,求助于 　　For evidence that this is possible, turn to sweden. 　　至于這方面成功的案例，請把目光轉向瑞典。 　　In previous downturns chinese steelmakers could turn to export markets. 　　在以往的低迷期，中國鋼鐵制造商可以求助于出口市場。 　　4.seem to 似乎 　　Financial markets seem to agree. 　　金融市場似乎也證實了這一點。 　　Investors seem to have noticed. 　　投資者似乎也注意到了。