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Metonymy and synecdoche 修辭法:轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

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Metonymy and synecdoche 修辭法:轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

你問(wèn)我答 Metonymy and synecdoche 修辭法:轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

Play audio file 本期節(jié)目的問(wèn)題 I am quite confused about the difference between these two kinds of figures of speech, synecdoche and metonymy. Sometimes, I think synecdoche is just one type of metonymy. Could you please help me out?

本期節(jié)目?jī)?nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介 Metonymy 和 synecdoche 是兩個(gè)發(fā)音和拼寫(xiě)都比較難的詞語(yǔ)。但是在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中,它們都可以指“用一物替代另一物”的修辭手法。比如,The White House 經(jīng)常被記者用來(lái)代替 the American government 美國(guó)政府。這種修辭手法是 metonymy 還是 synecdoche?又會(huì)不會(huì)既是 metonymy 換喻,也是 synecdoche 提喻呢?Suit 西裝,套裝這個(gè)詞可以被用作比喻什么?在本期節(jié)目中,我們將一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)這兩種修辭手法。

歡迎你加入并和我們一起討論英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的方方面面。請(qǐng)通過(guò)微博 @BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué) 或郵件與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。郵箱地址是 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk.

文字稿 (關(guān)于臺(tái)詞的備注: 請(qǐng)注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過(guò)程中對(duì)節(jié)目做出的改變。)

Feifei

大家好,歡迎收聽(tīng)BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的《你問(wèn)我答》節(jié)目。我是馮菲菲。我們通過(guò)這檔節(jié)目來(lái)回答大家在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中遇到的難題。本期節(jié)目要回答的問(wèn)題來(lái)自 Michael 小益,請(qǐng)聽(tīng)問(wèn)題。

Question

I am quite confused about the difference between these two kinds of figures of speech, synecdoche and metonymy. Sometimes, I think synecdoche is just one type of metonymy. Could you please help me out?

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首先,通過(guò)這個(gè)問(wèn)題可以推斷出 Michael 對(duì)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的掌握很不錯(cuò)。他的問(wèn)題是關(guān)于英語(yǔ)中的修辭法 figure of speech。 其實(shí),雖然每位英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人士可能在日常對(duì)話中會(huì)自然地用到各種修辭手法,但他們不一定都能講得出這些修辭手法是什么、怎么用。Michael 問(wèn)到的這兩個(gè)修辭法分別是 metonymy 和 synecdoche。Metonymy 的中文意思是“換喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻”,synecdoche 的意思是“提喻”。這兩個(gè)修辭手法有區(qū)別嗎?答案是有區(qū)別的,那它們的區(qū)別大嗎?Synecdoche 是 metonymy 的一種嗎?在以下的節(jié)目中,我來(lái)給大家一一解答。

咱們先來(lái)聽(tīng)一個(gè)和 metonymy 相關(guān)的例句。

Example">Example

The White House praised volunteers for their efforts.

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我們來(lái)分析一下:在上面的例句中,“The White House 白色的房子”表?yè)P(yáng)了志愿者;但你想一想,一座房子怎么能會(huì)說(shuō)話呢?所以,很明顯,這里的 The White House 指的是美國(guó)政府,所以這句話也可以這樣表達(dá)。

Example">Example

The American government praised volunteers for their efforts.

美國(guó)政府對(duì)志愿者所付出的勞動(dòng)進(jìn)行了贊揚(yáng)。

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在以上的兩個(gè)句子中,The White House 和 The American government 指的是同一個(gè)事物,所表達(dá)的意思也一樣。這也就是英語(yǔ)中的轉(zhuǎn)喻 metonymy,用一個(gè)事物來(lái)取代另一個(gè)相關(guān)事物。這種修辭手法可以使語(yǔ)言更豐富、更生動(dòng),也可以避免重復(fù)。在資訊寫(xiě)作中,轉(zhuǎn)喻 - 這個(gè)修辭手法會(huì)經(jīng)常被用來(lái)幫助創(chuàng)造多樣性。請(qǐng)?jiān)俾?tīng)兩個(gè)例句。

Example">Example">Example">Example

Tokyo said preparations for the Olympics were going smoothly.

東京先前表示奧運(yùn)會(huì)籌備工作進(jìn)展順利。

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這里,很顯然,Tokyo 指的是 the Japanese government 日本政府。再請(qǐng)聽(tīng)下一個(gè)例句。

Example">Example">Example">Example

I studied Dickens at university.

我在大學(xué)期間主修狄更斯。

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在這句話中,Dickens 指的是“狄更斯的作品”,他所有的小說(shuō),比如 Oliver Twist 《霧都孤兒》等等所有的作品,而不是狄更斯本人。我們可以用 Dickens 來(lái)代替 Dickens's works。好了,上面所講的是轉(zhuǎn)喻。那什么是 synecdoche 提喻?

先請(qǐng)大家想象這么一個(gè)場(chǎng)景,你剛買了一輛豪華轎車,你的朋友看了你的車后,說(shuō)了下面這句話。

Example">Example">Example">Example

Wow, nice wheels, mate!

哇,車輪子不錯(cuò)啊,哥們。

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在這個(gè)語(yǔ)境中,“nice wheels 漂亮的車輪子”其實(shí)表達(dá)的意思就是 nice car 好車。Wheels 車輪是汽車的一部分,那么提喻 synecdoche 通常用事物的一部分來(lái)取代指它的整體。我們還是用幾個(gè)例句來(lái)具體地分析一下。請(qǐng)聽(tīng)第一個(gè)例句。

Example">Example

The company sent a couple of suits to deal with the problem.

公司派了“幾套西服”去處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

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你能通過(guò)上下文判斷出這句話中“suit”所指的是什么嗎?Suit 這個(gè)詞本身的意思是西裝,套裝,但當(dāng)它被用在商圈 business circle 里的時(shí)候則指高管人士,或虛空假面的決策者; 這些人共有的特征是都穿西裝。再來(lái)聽(tīng)下一個(gè)例句。

Example">Example

I gave my neighbour a hand in his garden.

我在鄰居的花園里給他了“一只手”。

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“一只手 a hand ”用在這里的意思是幫助,“我在他的院子里幫他”,幫他的過(guò)程雖然是用到了一只手,但肯定不是全部。

剛才我們說(shuō)了,metonymy 是用一個(gè)事物來(lái)取代另一個(gè)相關(guān)事物,那么 synecdoche 則是用事物本身的一部分來(lái)替代其整體。

那么,在 Michael 的問(wèn)題中,他說(shuō)他覺(jué)得 synecdoche 是 metonymy 的一種,這個(gè)說(shuō)法是成立的,因?yàn)?metonymy 換喻、轉(zhuǎn)喻比 synecdoche 提喻覆蓋的面更廣,可以說(shuō) metonymy 其實(shí)包含了 synecdoche。

假如我們要說(shuō) The White House 是 the American government 的一部分,那么這既可以是 synecdoche 提喻也可以是 metonymy 換喻,兩種修辭手段都成立,因?yàn)榘讓m本身是美國(guó)政府的一部分。

其實(shí),在使用英語(yǔ)時(shí),重要的是正確、自然地使用語(yǔ)言,如果能再添加幾分個(gè)人的創(chuàng)造力在其中,當(dāng)然就再好不過(guò)了。在平時(shí)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,我們可以注意觀察使用了這兩種修辭手法的語(yǔ)境,但也不必過(guò)于糾結(jié)哪個(gè)是 synecdoche,哪個(gè)又是 metonymy 。別忘了,“The pen is mightier than the sword 筆墨勝過(guò)刀劍”。 你現(xiàn)在是不是又再想這里到底用的是 synecdoche 還是 metonymy?好了,別再糾結(jié)了。

好了,如果你在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中遇到難題,歡迎你向我們提問(wèn)。問(wèn)題可以發(fā)送到我們的郵箱 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk 你也可以通過(guò)微博“BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)”聯(lián)系我們。好了,感謝收聽(tīng)本期《你問(wèn)我答》節(jié)目。我是馮菲菲,下次再會(huì)。

你問(wèn)我答 Metonymy and synecdoche 修辭法:轉(zhuǎn)喻和提喻

Play audio file 本期節(jié)目的問(wèn)題 I am quite confused about the difference between these two kinds of figures of speech, synecdoche and metonymy. Sometimes, I think synecdoche is just one type of metonymy. Could you please help me out?

本期節(jié)目?jī)?nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介 Metonymy 和 synecdoche 是兩個(gè)發(fā)音和拼寫(xiě)都比較難的詞語(yǔ)。但是在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中,它們都可以指“用一物替代另一物”的修辭手法。比如,The White House 經(jīng)常被記者用來(lái)代替 the American government 美國(guó)政府。這種修辭手法是 metonymy 還是 synecdoche?又會(huì)不會(huì)既是 metonymy 換喻,也是 synecdoche 提喻呢?Suit 西裝,套裝這個(gè)詞可以被用作比喻什么?在本期節(jié)目中,我們將一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)這兩種修辭手法。

歡迎你加入并和我們一起討論英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的方方面面。請(qǐng)通過(guò)微博 @BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué) 或郵件與我們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。郵箱地址是 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk.

文字稿 (關(guān)于臺(tái)詞的備注: 請(qǐng)注意這不是廣播節(jié)目的逐字稿件。本文稿可能沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)錄制、編輯過(guò)程中對(duì)節(jié)目做出的改變。)

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大家好,歡迎收聽(tīng)BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的《你問(wèn)我答》節(jié)目。我是馮菲菲。我們通過(guò)這檔節(jié)目來(lái)回答大家在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中遇到的難題。本期節(jié)目要回答的問(wèn)題來(lái)自 Michael 小益,請(qǐng)聽(tīng)問(wèn)題。

Question

I am quite confused about the difference between these two kinds of figures of speech, synecdoche and metonymy. Sometimes, I think synecdoche is just one type of metonymy. Could you please help me out?

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首先,通過(guò)這個(gè)問(wèn)題可以推斷出 Michael 對(duì)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)的掌握很不錯(cuò)。他的問(wèn)題是關(guān)于英語(yǔ)中的修辭法 figure of speech。 其實(shí),雖然每位英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人士可能在日常對(duì)話中會(huì)自然地用到各種修辭手法,但他們不一定都能講得出這些修辭手法是什么、怎么用。Michael 問(wèn)到的這兩個(gè)修辭法分別是 metonymy 和 synecdoche。Metonymy 的中文意思是“換喻,轉(zhuǎn)喻”,synecdoche 的意思是“提喻”。這兩個(gè)修辭手法有區(qū)別嗎?答案是有區(qū)別的,那它們的區(qū)別大嗎?Synecdoche 是 metonymy 的一種嗎?在以下的節(jié)目中,我來(lái)給大家一一解答。

咱們先來(lái)聽(tīng)一個(gè)和 metonymy 相關(guān)的例句。

Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example">Example

The White House praised volunteers for their efforts.

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我們來(lái)分析一下:在上面的例句中,“The White House 白色的房子”表?yè)P(yáng)了志愿者;但你想一想,一座房子怎么能會(huì)說(shuō)話呢?所以,很明顯,這里的 The White House 指的是美國(guó)政府,所以這句話也可以這樣表達(dá)。

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The American government praised volunteers for their efforts.

美國(guó)政府對(duì)志愿者所付出的勞動(dòng)進(jìn)行了贊揚(yáng)。

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在以上的兩個(gè)句子中,The White House 和 The American government 指的是同一個(gè)事物,所表達(dá)的意思也一樣。這也就是英語(yǔ)中的轉(zhuǎn)喻 metonymy,用一個(gè)事物來(lái)取代另一個(gè)相關(guān)事物。這種修辭手法可以使語(yǔ)言更豐富、更生動(dòng),也可以避免重復(fù)。在資訊寫(xiě)作中,轉(zhuǎn)喻 - 這個(gè)修辭手法會(huì)經(jīng)常被用來(lái)幫助創(chuàng)造多樣性。請(qǐng)?jiān)俾?tīng)兩個(gè)例句。

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Tokyo said preparations for the Olympics were going smoothly.

東京先前表示奧運(yùn)會(huì)籌備工作進(jìn)展順利。

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這里,很顯然,Tokyo 指的是 the Japanese government 日本政府。再請(qǐng)聽(tīng)下一個(gè)例句。

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I studied Dickens at university.

我在大學(xué)期間主修狄更斯。

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在這句話中,Dickens 指的是“狄更斯的作品”,他所有的小說(shuō),比如 Oliver Twist 《霧都孤兒》等等所有的作品,而不是狄更斯本人。我們可以用 Dickens 來(lái)代替 Dickens's works。好了,上面所講的是轉(zhuǎn)喻。那什么是 synecdoche 提喻?

先請(qǐng)大家想象這么一個(gè)場(chǎng)景,你剛買了一輛豪華轎車,你的朋友看了你的車后,說(shuō)了下面這句話。

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Wow, nice wheels, mate!

哇,車輪子不錯(cuò)啊,哥們。

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在這個(gè)語(yǔ)境中,“nice wheels 漂亮的車輪子”其實(shí)表達(dá)的意思就是 nice car 好車。Wheels 車輪是汽車的一部分,那么提喻 synecdoche 通常用事物的一部分來(lái)取代指它的整體。我們還是用幾個(gè)例句來(lái)具體地分析一下。請(qǐng)聽(tīng)第一個(gè)例句。

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The company sent a couple of suits to deal with the problem.

公司派了“幾套西服”去處理這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

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你能通過(guò)上下文判斷出這句話中“suit”所指的是什么嗎?Suit 這個(gè)詞本身的意思是西裝,套裝,但當(dāng)它被用在商圈 business circle 里的時(shí)候則指高管人士,或虛空假面的決策者; 這些人共有的特征是都穿西裝。再來(lái)聽(tīng)下一個(gè)例句。

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I gave my neighbour a hand in his garden.

我在鄰居的花園里給他了“一只手”。

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“一只手 a hand ”用在這里的意思是幫助,“我在他的院子里幫他”,幫他的過(guò)程雖然是用到了一只手,但肯定不是全部。

剛才我們說(shuō)了,metonymy 是用一個(gè)事物來(lái)取代另一個(gè)相關(guān)事物,那么 synecdoche 則是用事物本身的一部分來(lái)替代其整體。

那么,在 Michael 的問(wèn)題中,他說(shuō)他覺(jué)得 synecdoche 是 metonymy 的一種,這個(gè)說(shuō)法是成立的,因?yàn)?metonymy 換喻、轉(zhuǎn)喻比 synecdoche 提喻覆蓋的面更廣,可以說(shuō) metonymy 其實(shí)包含了 synecdoche。

假如我們要說(shuō) The White House 是 the American government 的一部分,那么這既可以是 synecdoche 提喻也可以是 metonymy 換喻,兩種修辭手段都成立,因?yàn)榘讓m本身是美國(guó)政府的一部分。

其實(shí),在使用英語(yǔ)時(shí),重要的是正確、自然地使用語(yǔ)言,如果能再添加幾分個(gè)人的創(chuàng)造力在其中,當(dāng)然就再好不過(guò)了。在平時(shí)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中,我們可以注意觀察使用了這兩種修辭手法的語(yǔ)境,但也不必過(guò)于糾結(jié)哪個(gè)是 synecdoche,哪個(gè)又是 metonymy 。別忘了,“The pen is mightier than the sword 筆墨勝過(guò)刀劍”。 你現(xiàn)在是不是又再想這里到底用的是 synecdoche 還是 metonymy?好了,別再糾結(jié)了。

好了,如果你在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中遇到難題,歡迎你向我們提問(wèn)。問(wèn)題可以發(fā)送到我們的郵箱 questions.chinaelt@bbc.co.uk 你也可以通過(guò)微博“BBC英語(yǔ)教學(xué)”聯(lián)系我們。好了,感謝收聽(tīng)本期《你問(wèn)我答》節(jié)目。我是馮菲菲,下次再會(huì)。

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