2) 作原因狀語 Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry. =As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children…. 3)作讓步狀語 Seriously wounded, he still kept on fighting. =Although/Though he was seriously wounded, he still kept….

　　4)作方式或伴隨情況狀語 She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter. =She walked out of the house,

　　and was followed by her little daughter. He sat there, lost in thought. = He sat there, and was lost in thought.

　　_______ more attention, the tree could have grown better. （條件狀語）??? A. Given?????? B. To give???????

　　C. Giving???????? D. Having given.

　　2.The first textbooks ________ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century（定語）????

　　A. having written B. to be written???

　　C. being written??? D. written

　　Practice

　　高考點擊

　　3.. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.（原因） ???? A. Losing????? B. Having lost?????

　　C. Lost????????? D. To lose

　　4. The research is so designed that once ________ nothing can be

　　done to change it.（條件）

　　begins??????????? B. having begun

　　C. beginning??? D. begun

　　一、分析句子結構

　　解題步驟 1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it . A. Having been told

　　B. To be told? C. He was told

　　D. Though he was told 分析：用連詞but 引導并列句子，因此，前面也是個獨立句子，故選C。 2. ________many times , he still couldn't understand it . A. Having been told

　　B. To be told? C. He was told

　　D. Though he was told 分析：句中用逗號隔開，且無連詞引導，因此，前面不是句子結構，只是句子的一個成分，故選A，用非謂語動詞作狀語。

　　二、分析邏輯主語 非謂語動詞雖不能作謂語，但仍具有動詞特點，其邏輯上的動作執行者就叫做邏輯主語。非謂語動詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語須和句子的真正主語一致。若不一致，則須加上自己的邏輯主語。 1. ________no buses , we have to walk home . 2. ______Sunday , I shall have a quiet day at home .

　　A. There being

　　B. It were

　　C. There were

　　D. It being? 分析：句1. 表示“沒有公共汽車”，應用“there be”結構，即邏輯主語是“the buses”，故選A 。 句2. 同理選D。 三、分析語態 分析語態就是在確定邏輯主語之后，分析非謂語動詞和邏輯主語在搭配使用時是主動還是被動關系。 1. ______from space , the earth looks blue . 2.______from space , we can see the earth is blue . A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see

　　D.See 這兩個題選項中的非謂語動詞都沒有加自己的邏輯主語, 因此其邏輯主語就是句子的主語。 分析：句1. “地球被看”，表被動，故選A，用過去分詞表被動。 句2. 我們“主動看……”即表主動，故選B。

　　四、分析時態，在選定了主動或被動后，還要考慮動作發生的時間問題，即時態。 1. The building ______now will be a gym . 2. The building ______next year will be a gym. 3. The building ______last year is a gym. A. having been built

　　B.to be built? C.being built

　　D. built 分析：句1中 now 說明大樓正在被修，故用進行式，選C。句2中next year 說明大樓將在明年被修，故用表將來的不定式，選B。句3中 last year 說明大樓已被修，但不能選A，因為現在分詞的完成式不能作定語，故用過去分詞，選D。 Thank you! （一）現在分詞 (1).現在分詞 現在分詞無人稱和數的變化,但有時態和語態的變化.其時態和語態的變化形式與動名詞相同.

　　時態語態 主動語態

　　被動語態 一般式

　　doing being done

　　完成式

　　having done having been done

　　(2)、現在分詞的句法功能 具有形容詞和副詞的特征,可充當成分:表語

　　定語,賓語補足語, 狀語

　　1. 現在分詞作表語 現在分詞作表語起形容詞作用,說明主語的特征及主語所具備的動作功能。常譯為”使(令) … 怎樣?！?如: The news is very disappointing. His story is very moving. (Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting….) 2. 現在分詞作定語 現在分詞作定語, 表示主動意義,它與所修飾的名詞構成 主謂關系,通常可改為定語從句。它從以下兩方面來說明中心詞。

　　A.表示動作正在進行

　　Don’t wake up the sleeping boy. = Don’t wake up the boy who is sleeping I don’ t know the man writing something over there. =I don’ t know the man who is writing something over there.

　　3.現在分詞作賓語補足語 用現在分詞作賓補，說明賓語是動作的執行者，形成邏輯上的主謂關系； A.作感官動詞的賓補, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel… 表示正在進行的意義 We found them reading in the classroom.

　　4. 現在分詞作狀語 現在分詞可在句中作時間、原因、條件、結果, 讓步、伴隨或方式等狀語。

　　B. 作使役動詞的賓補, 如: have, get,

　　keep , send, leave, catch…表示”使…進行/處于(某種狀態)” ,強調動作或狀態的持續性. Can you keep the clock going?

　　1)作時間狀語, 可以表示三個時間概念 A.表示和謂語動作同時發生,相當于 “as soon as” 引導的時間狀語從句 Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy.

　　= As soon as he heard the good news, he … = On hearing the good news, he…

　　B.謂語動詞的動作發生在分詞動作的過程中,表示”在做某事期間”相當于由when/while 引導的時間狀語從句。 Walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While

　　I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend. = When/While walking in the street, I came across …

　　C.如果分詞的動作發生在謂語動作之前,分詞就要用完成時。如: Having done his homework, the boy went out to play. Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework. 2)作原因狀語,相當于由because/as 引導的原因狀語從句。

　　A.和謂語動詞的動作同時發生 Being ill, he didn’t go to school. =Because/As he was ill, he didn’t go … Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice. = Because/As he didn’t know what to do next, he went to … B.如果分詞的動作發生在謂語動作之前,分詞就要用完成時。

　　Having seen the film many times, he didn’t go to see it last night. 3)作條件狀語,相當于由 if 引導的條件狀語從句

　　(If) Using your head, you will find a way. =If you use your head, you will find …

　　4)作讓步狀語,相當于由 although/though 引導的讓步狀語從句 Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting. = Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting.

　　5)作伴隨狀語(方式狀語),表示同謂語的動作同時發生,相當于由并列連詞連接的兩個并列動作。 They sat there on the stone, talking with each other. =They sat there on the stone and talked with each other. 注意:只有現在分詞的一般式才可作伴隨狀語,且常放于主句后。

　　6)作結果狀語,現在分詞的動作同謂語動詞的動作幾乎同時發生。 The mother died, leaving five children behind. They fired at the enemy, killing two.

　　現在分詞無論作何種狀語, 它的邏輯主語必須是句子的主語,句子的 主語可能是分詞動作的執行者, 句子的 主語也可能是分詞動作的承受者。

　　但在一些表示說話者態度的固定表達方式中, 分詞短語的邏輯主語和句子的主語是不一致的。這種結構常見的有: 1)generally/strickly/+speaking 2)Judging from…/talking of…/allowing for.. 3) Considering that …/seeing that…

　　/supposing that…

　　注意：現在分詞作狀語的幾個特性。 ①時間性。與謂語動詞同時發生，用一般時，如發生在謂語動作之前時則用完成式having done。 ②語態性。與句子的主語之間的關系，是主謂關系或動賓關系。 ③人稱一致性。分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的 主語。

　　1. ______ the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks.

　　A. Not completing

　　B. Not completed C. Not completing

　　D. Not having completed （原因狀語）

　　高考點擊 Practice 2．The manager, _______ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.

　　（時間或伴隨狀語） A．who has made

　　B．having made

　　C．made

　　D．making 3．The storm left , ______a lot of damage to this area . （結果狀語） A．caused

　　B．to have caused

　　C．to cause

　　D．having caused 4．______from other continents for millions of years ,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.（原因狀語） A．Being separated

　　B．Having separated

　　C．Having been separated D．To be separated （二）過去分詞 (1).過去分詞的語法形式 過去分詞無人稱和數的變化,也沒有時態和語態的變化。(done) (2)、過去分詞的句法功能 具有形容詞和副詞的特征,可充當成分: 表語

　　定語,賓語補足語, 狀語

　　1.過去分詞作表語 過去分詞作表語,相當于一個形容詞,說明主語的狀態。如， He is gone. The glass is broken. He was lost in thought. They were deeply moved.

　　注意:被動結構與系表結構的區別

　　這兩種結構形式都是be+過去分詞。

　　這兩種結構的主要區別是:被動語態強調所發生的動作,而系表結構表示的是主語的特點或狀態。 The cup was broken by my little brother. (被動結構) The cup is broken.(系表結構)

　　2.過去分詞作定語 過去分詞作定語, 它的邏輯主語就是它所修飾的詞,有以下三個特點 :

　　A.及物動詞的過去分詞作定語和它的邏輯主語的關系是被動的。所表示的時間概念是完成。

　　The building built last year can hold 1,000 people= The building

　　that was built last year can…

　　B.不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語只表示動作的完成。與它所修飾的名詞沒有被動關系。 fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen

　　a retired worker=a worker who has retired the risen sun=the sun that has risen

　　C.有些表示心理活動的過去分詞作定語,表面是修飾它后面的名詞,但實質是說明當事者的心理狀態。所以過去分詞與它所修飾的名詞沒有被動關系。 The surprised look showed that he hadn’t expected this. = (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise) The father’s loud voice made a frightened look appear on his daughter’s face. (The father’s daughter was frightened and her face showed her fright.) 3. 過去分詞作賓補 過去分詞作賓補,過去分詞和賓語的關系是被動關系,說明賓語的狀態,表示動作的完成。常用來 作感官動詞,如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel… 和使役動詞如: have, get,

　　keep , send, leave, catch…的賓補

　　When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police. As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into. He kept himself covered with a blanket. 4. 過去分詞作狀語 過去分詞可在句中作時間、條件、原因、讓步,方式或伴隨情況等狀語。 過去分詞無論作何種狀語, 它的邏輯主語必須是句子的主語, 而且存在著邏輯上的被動關系.

　　1)做時間或條件狀語,通常放在句首。 Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful. =If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town … = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town …

　　非謂語動詞

　　學好非謂語動詞對于理解閱讀材料中結構比較復雜的長句，對于寫作得高分非常有用。

　　不定式 動名詞 分詞 非謂語動詞

　　分類 動詞不定式無人稱和數的變化,但有時態和語態的變化。 不定式 時態語態 主動語態

　　被動語態 一般式

　　to write

　　to be written

　　進行式

　　to be writing

　　　 完成式

　　to have written

　　to have been written

　　完成進行式 to have been writing

　　　 1. 作主語 側重于動作的具體性和將來性 To play basketball

　　is a great pleasure. 但為使句子平衡,常用it 代它作主語, 把它移到句子后部去. It is a great pleasure to play basketball.

　　(二)、不定式的句法功能 主語 賓語

　　表語

　　定語

　　狀語

　　2. 作賓語 A.

　　跟不定式作賓語的常見動詞: （１）hope, want , expect, wish, desire, like, love, dislike ,hate,

　　plan, intend, mean, prepare, decide, determine, afford, fail, manage, try、dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget

　　,bother .

　　B. 常跟疑問詞+不定式作賓語的動詞: tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain… tell sb what to do… 3. 作表語 A.表示按計劃和安排將要發生的事情。

　　He is to marry Rose. B.表示主語的內容，但側重于目的性。 Her wish was to become an artist. C. 表示情態意義(應該, 必須)。 The form is to be filled in and returned within a week. She is to blame.

　　4.不定式作定語 A.一般表示將發生的情況，放在名詞后。 Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.(主謂關系) She has a good chance to go to college. (同位關系) He has got lots of questions to ask. (動賓關系)

　　注意:1.如不定式與它所修飾的詞有動賓關系,而這個不定式又是不及物動詞, 它后面應有必要的介詞。 There is nothing to worry about. 2.不定式所修飾的名詞是不定式的動作所發生的地點或所使用的工具時, 它后面要帶上必要的介詞。 I need a pen to write with. He is looking for a room to live in.

　　5.不定式作賓語補足語 跟不定式作賓語補足語的動詞 A. let, have, make, get等表使役的動詞 They made us go with them. 注意: Let/ have/make sb. do ; get sb. to do They got us to go with them.

　　B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求,命令的動詞 The chairman requested the members to be silent.

　　C. allow, permit, forbid等表許可或禁止的動詞

　　The

　　guard forbade me to enter.

　　D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的動詞(hope無此用法) Many parents expect their children to study abroad.

　　E. see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel等表感官的動詞 I noticed tears come into his eyes. We often hear her sing the song at home. 注: 感官動詞后的不定式均不帶to

　　F. 其他動詞 advise, help, persuade, encourage, warn, cause, force, remind … Please remind me to take the raincoat. 6. 不定式作狀語 1)不定式作目的狀語 Tim sat near the fire to get warm. The athletes practised hard to win the match.強調作目的狀語的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短語.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。

　　2).不定式作結果狀語 作結果狀語的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中。如:too …to, enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容詞/副詞 + as to, such + 名詞+ as to do引導。 Would you be so kind as to step this way, please? I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.

　　Practice 1 (09江蘇,26）Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, ______ reduce unemployment pressures.