Unit 4　Astronomy:the science of the stars

　　A級:基礎(chǔ)鞏固

　　.語境填詞

　　1.I have this 　(theoretical) that most people prefer being at work to being at home.?

　　答案:theory

　　2.It is generally accepted that smoking is 　(harm) to our health.?

　　答案:harmful

　　3.　(fundament),there are two different approaches to the problem.?

　　答案:Fundamentally

　　4.She held the baby 　(gentle).?

　　答案:gently

　　5.Our problems have　(multiply) since last year.?

　　答案:multiplied

　　6.She is a very 　(religion) person who goes to church every Sunday.?

　　答案:religious

　　7.This kind of plants has been in 　(exist) for millions of years.?

　　答案:existence

　　8.I’ve been 　(puzzle) over all the figures,trying to find what happened to the missing money.?

　　答案:puzzling

　　9.We live in a 　(globe) village,but this doesn’t mean that we all behave in the same way.?

　　答案:global

　　10.Last night we had a discussion,which became more and more 　.Finally we reached an agreement that we will never use 　whatever happens.(violent)?

　　答案:violent;violence

　　.單句改錯

　　1.You’ll succeed on time because you are always working hard.

　　?

　　答案:on→in

　　2.Do you know when the Marriage Law came into an existence?

　　?

　　答案:去掉an

　　3.If our parents do everything for us children,we won’t learn to depend ourselves.

　　?

　　答案:depend后加on

　　4.We recognized the possibility and took steps to prevent it happened.

　　?

　　答案:happened→happening

　　5.Most people would like to cheer up their favorite players.

　　?

　　答案:up→on

　　B級:能力提升

　　.閱讀理解

　　閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的四個選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

　　A

　　The Four Basic Personality Types

　　Personality types are linked with structural differences in the brain,which could explain why one child grows up to be impulsive(沖動的)and outgoing while another becomes diligent and introspective(反省的).

　　Structural differences between the brains of 85 people have been measured and linked with the four main categories of personality types,which were classified as “novelty seeking”,characterized by impulsive actions;“harm avoidance”,marked by pessimism and shyness;“reward dependence”,with an addictive personality;and “persistence”,who are people tending to be diligent,hard-working and perfectionists.

　　The researchers said the brain differences are structural and can be measured in the size of specific regions of the brain that appear to be linked with each of the four personality types.For instance,people defined as novelty-seeking personalities had a structurally bigger area in the brain while people with harm-avoidance personalities had significantly smaller volumes of tissue in brain regions.

　　The fact that characteristics are reflected in specific structural differences is useful to know,for instance,when it comes to understanding a child’s behavior and choosing the right approach so that somebody who is,for example,particularly timid,might be helped through education and development.

　　There is no point shouting at a child who is very shy and telling them off,because it does not come naturally to them to put themselves forward.But actually knowing there is a biological basis for this helps educators or parents to use the right approach to help a child to compensate.

　　People who have a reward-dependence personality could,for example,be helped at an early age because they are at risk of turning to drink,drugs or food if they do not get the family support and encouragement they need.

　　“This study shows that personality characteristics are something you are born with,but their full expression can be adjusted during development with the right approach,”said Professor Venneri,who carried out the study with colleagues from the University of Parma in Italy and Washington University in St Louis.

　　If you know it’s not something you do but something you are,you can change the environment to reduce the risk.Knowing that someone has such a character could help them adopt preventive strategies and avoid situations where they might seek rewards which could be potentially harmful.

　　1.Which type of person may turn out to be drug-abusers?

　　A.“Novelty seeking”.

　　B.“Reward dependence”.

　　C.“Harm avoidance”.

　　D.“Persistence”.

　　解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第三段中的“People who have a reward-dependence personality could...”可知B項(xiàng)為正確答案,其余三項(xiàng)不符合文章事實(shí),故排除。

　　答案:B

　　2.Which of the following is TRUE about shy people?

　　A.They are often shouted at and scolded.

　　B.They can naturally put themselves forward.

　　C.They structurally have a smaller brain region.

　　D.They are too timid to be educated and helped.

　　解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段最后一句中的“...people with harm-avoidance personalities had significantly smaller volumes of tissue in brain regions.”可知harm-avoidance personalities型人腦容量小。又根據(jù)第二段中的“...‘harm avoidance’,marked by pessimism and shyness...”可知C項(xiàng)是正確的。A、B兩項(xiàng)不符合事實(shí),故排除。由倒數(shù)第四段中的“...helps educators or parents to use the right approach to help a child to compensate.”可知,此種性格的人也是可以教育和彌補(bǔ)的,因此D項(xiàng)是錯誤的。

　　答案:C

　　3.What’s the main idea of the passage?

　　A.People have chances to change their personality types.

　　B.Scientists have identified four different personality types.

　　C.Structural differences in the brain have effects on education.

　　D.Personality types are related to structural differences in the brain.

　　解析:主旨大意題。A和C項(xiàng)均屬于無中生有,文章中沒有這樣說過。B項(xiàng)敘述太片面,非文章主題。本文討論的主題是人的性格類型的生理原因,用了大量的篇幅和例子來分析這個問題,因此D項(xiàng)是文章的主旨。

　　答案:D

　　4.The author writes the passage to 　.?

　　A.present a fact

　　B.argue a claim

　　C.support a research

　　D.introduce an approach

　　解析:推理判斷題。本文通篇都只是在用客觀的語氣來介紹一種研究結(jié)果,給讀者呈現(xiàn)出一種新的認(rèn)知事實(shí),因此選A項(xiàng)符合作者的意圖。文章里沒有有意與誰爭論什么,故排除B項(xiàng)。也沒有用大量例子來證明自己的研究如何正確,故排除C項(xiàng)。更沒有主觀地介紹一種方法來指導(dǎo)讀者,故排除D項(xiàng)。

　　答案:A

　　B

　　Homestay provides English language students with the opportunity to speak English outside the classroom and the experience of being part of a British home.

　　What to Expect

　　The host will provide accommodation and meals.Rooms will be cleaned and bedcovers changed at least once a week.You will be given the house key and the host is there to offer help and advice as well as to take an interest in your physical and mental health.

　　Accommodation Zones

　　Homestay is located in London mainly in Zones 2,3 and 4 of the transport system.Most hosts do not live in the town center as much of central London is commercial and not residential(居住的).Zones 3 and 4 often offer larger accommodation in a less crowded area.It is very convenient to travel in London by Underground.

　　Meal Plans Available

　　◇Continental Breakfast

　　◇Breakfast and Dinner

　　◇Breakfast,Packed Lunch and Dinner

　　It’s important to note that few English families still provide a traditional cooked breakfast.Your accommodation includes Continental Breakfast which normally consists of fruit juice,cereal(谷物類食品),bread and tea or coffee.Cheese,fruit and cold meat are not normally part of a Continental Breakfast in England.Dinners usually consist of meat or fish with vegetables followed by dessert,fruit and coffee.

　　Friends

　　If you wish to invite a friend over to visit,you must first ask your host’s permission.You have no right to entertain friends in a family home as some families feel it is an invasion of their privacy.

　　Self-Catering Accommodation in Private Homes

　　Accommodation on a room-only basis includes shared kitchen and bathroom facilities and often a main living room.This kind of accommodation offers an independent lifestyle and is more suitable for the long-stay student.However,it does not provide the same family atmosphere as an ordinary homestay and may not benefit those who need to practice English at home quite as much.

　　5.The passage is probably written for　.?

　　A.hosts willing to receive foreign students

　　B.foreigners hoping to build British culture

　　C.travelers planning to visit families in London

　　D.English learners applying to live in English homes

　　解析:推理判斷題。由第一句中的“English language students”提示,加上后面的內(nèi)容可知,這是一則面向想學(xué)英語的學(xué)生的招生廣告,因此選D項(xiàng)。其余三項(xiàng)都是主觀臆斷,沒有事實(shí)依據(jù),故排除。

　　答案:D

　　6.Which of the following will the host provide?

　　A.Room cleaning. B.Medical care.

　　C.Free transport. D.Physical training.

　　解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段中的“Rooms will be cleaned”可知A項(xiàng)正確。其余選項(xiàng)都沒有事實(shí)依據(jù),故排除。

　　答案:A

　　7.What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

　　A.Zone 4 is more crowded than Zone 2.

　　B.The business center of London is in Zone 1.

　　C.Hosts dislike travelling to the city center.

　　D.Accommodation in the city center is not provided.

　　解析:推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段前兩句話“Homestay is located in...is commercial and not residential(居住的).”可推斷出倫敦的2、3、4區(qū)相對于1區(qū)來說是居住區(qū),反推1區(qū)應(yīng)是文中所指的倫敦中心的商業(yè)區(qū)。

　　答案:B

　　8.According to the passage,what does Continental Breakfast include?

　　A.Dessert and coffee.

　　B.Fruit and vegetables.

　　C.Bread and fruit juice.

　　D.Cereal and cold meat.

　　解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第三段中的“Continental Breakfast which normally consists of fruit juice,cereal(谷物類食品),bread and tea or coffee”可知,只有C項(xiàng)是正確的。故選C項(xiàng)。

　　答案:C

　　Ⅳ.短文改錯

　　假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文,請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤,每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。

　　增加:在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(),并在其下面寫出該加的詞。

　　刪除:把多余的詞用斜線()劃掉。

　　修改:在錯的詞下劃一橫線,并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。

　　注意:1.每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞;

　　2.只允許修改10處,多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。

　　This morning I went to the shoes shop to buy a pair of new shoes.When I got there,I noticed a foreign lady talk to a salesgirl.But the salesgirl didn’t understand that the foreigner was saying.They both looked worrying.I went up to help them.The lady is Australian.She wanted to buy a pair of traveling shoes.So I told it to the salesgirl.The lady was very much glad when she took it.She sings high praise for my spoken English.All of them expressed their thanks to me.I felt happy that I expressed myself free in English.

　　答案:第一句:第一個shoes→shoe

　　第二句:talk→talking

　　第三句:that→what

　　第四句:worrying→worried

　　第六句:is后加an

　　第九句:去掉much;it→them

　　第十句:sings→sang

　　第十一句:All→Both

　　第十二句:free→freely

　　Unit 4　Astronomy:the science of the stars

　　A級:基礎(chǔ)鞏固

　　.語境填詞

　　1.I have this 　(theoretical) that most people prefer being at work to being at home.?

　　答案:theory

　　2.It is generally accepted that smoking is 　(harm) to our health.?

　　答案:harmful

　　3.　(fundament),there are two different approaches to the problem.?

　　答案:Fundamentally

　　4.She held the baby 　(gentle).?

　　答案:gently

　　5.Our problems have　(multiply) since last year.?

　　答案:multiplied

　　6.She is a very 　(religion) person who goes to church every Sunday.?

　　答案:religious

　　7.This kind of plants has been in 　(exist) for millions of years.?

　　答案:existence

　　8.I’ve been 　(puzzle) over all the figures,trying to find what happened to the missing money.?

　　答案:puzzling

　　9.We live in a 　(globe) village,but this doesn’t mean that we all behave in the same way.?

　　答案:global

　　10.Last night we had a discussion,which became more and more 　.Finally we reached an agreement that we will never use 　whatever happens.(violent)?

　　答案:violent;violence

　　.單句改錯

　　1.You’ll succeed on time because you are always working hard.

　　?

　　答案:on→in

　　2.Do you know when the Marriage Law came into an existence?

　　?

　　答案:去掉an

　　3.If our parents do everything for us children,we won’t learn to depend ourselves.

　　?

　　答案:depend后加on

　　4.We recognized the possibility and took steps to prevent it happened.

　　?

　　答案:happened→happening

　　5.Most people would like to cheer up their favorite players.

　　?

　　答案:up→on

　　B級:能力提升

　　.閱讀理解

　　閱讀下列短文,從每題所給的四個選項(xiàng)(A、B、C和D)中,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。

　　A

　　The Four Basic Personality Types

　　Personality types are linked with structural differences in the brain,which could explain why one child grows up to be impulsive(沖動的)and outgoing while another becomes diligent and introspective(反省的).

　　Structural differences between the brains of 85 people have been measured and linked with the four main categories of personality types,which were classified as “novelty seeking”,characterized by impulsive actions;“harm avoidance”,marked by pessimism and shyness;“reward dependence”,with an addictive personality;and “persistence”,who are people tending to be diligent,hard-working and perfectionists.

　　The researchers said the brain differences are structural and can be measured in the size of specific regions of the brain that appear to be linked with each of the four personality types.For instance,people defined as novelty-seeking personalities had a structurally bigger area in the brain while people with harm-avoidance personalities had significantly smaller volumes of tissue in brain regions.

　　The fact that characteristics are reflected in specific structural differences is useful to know,for instance,when it comes to understanding a child’s behavior and choosing the right approach so that somebody who is,for example,particularly timid,might be helped through education and development.

　　There is no point shouting at a child who is very shy and telling them off,because it does not come naturally to them to put themselves forward.But actually knowing there is a biological basis for this helps educators or parents to use the right approach to help a child to compensate.

　　People who have a reward-dependence personality could,for example,be helped at an early age because they are at risk of turning to drink,drugs or food if they do not get the family support and encouragement they need.

　　“This study shows that personality characteristics are something you are born with,but their full expression can be adjusted during development with the right approach,”said Professor Venneri,who carried out the study with colleagues from the University of Parma in Italy and Washington University in St Louis.

　　If you know it’s not something you do but something you are,you can change the environment to reduce the risk.Knowing that someone has such a character could help them adopt preventive strategies and avoid situations where they might seek rewards which could be potentially harmful.

　　1.Which type of person may turn out to be drug-abusers?

　　A.“Novelty seeking”.

　　B.“Reward dependence”.

　　C.“Harm avoidance”.

　　D.“Persistence”.

　　解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第三段中的“People who have a reward-dependence personality could...”可知B項(xiàng)為正確答案,其余三項(xiàng)不符合文章事實(shí),故排除。

　　答案:B

　　2.Which of the following is TRUE about shy people?

　　A.They are often shouted at and scolded.

　　B.They can naturally put themselves forward.

　　C.They structurally have a smaller brain region.

　　D.They are too timid to be educated and helped.

　　解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段最后一句中的“...people with harm-avoidance personalities had significantly smaller volumes of tissue in brain regions.”可知harm-avoidance personalities型人腦容量小。又根據(jù)第二段中的“...‘harm avoidance’,marked by pessimism and shyness...”可知C項(xiàng)是正確的。A、B兩項(xiàng)不符合事實(shí),故排除。由倒數(shù)第四段中的“...helps educators or parents to use the right approach to help a child to compensate.”可知,此種性格的人也是可以教育和彌補(bǔ)的,因此D項(xiàng)是錯誤的。

　　答案:C

　　3.What’s the main idea of the passage?

　　A.People have chances to change their personality types.

　　B.Scientists have identified four different personality types.

　　C.Structural differences in the brain have effects on education.

　　D.Personality types are related to structural differences in the brain.

　　解析:主旨大意題。A和C項(xiàng)均屬于無中生有,文章中沒有這樣說過。B項(xiàng)敘述太片面,非文章主題。本文討論的主題是人的性格類型的生理原因,用了大量的篇幅和例子來分析這個問題,因此D項(xiàng)是文章的主旨。

　　答案:D

　　4.The author writes the passage to 　.?

　　A.present a fact

　　B.argue a claim

　　C.support a research

　　D.introduce an approach

　　解析:推理判斷題。本文通篇都只是在用客觀的語氣來介紹一種研究結(jié)果,給讀者呈現(xiàn)出一種新的認(rèn)知事實(shí),因此選A項(xiàng)符合作者的意圖。文章里沒有有意與誰爭論什么,故排除B項(xiàng)。也沒有用大量例子來證明自己的研究如何正確,故排除C項(xiàng)。更沒有主觀地介紹一種方法來指導(dǎo)讀者,故排除D項(xiàng)。

　　答案:A

　　B

　　Homestay provides English language students with the opportunity to speak English outside the classroom and the experience of being part of a British home.

　　What to Expect

　　The host will provide accommodation and meals.Rooms will be cleaned and bedcovers changed at least once a week.You will be given the house key and the host is there to offer help and advice as well as to take an interest in your physical and mental health.

　　Accommodation Zones

　　Homestay is located in London mainly in Zones 2,3 and 4 of the transport system.Most hosts do not live in the town center as much of central London is commercial and not residential(居住的).Zones 3 and 4 often offer larger accommodation in a less crowded area.It is very convenient to travel in London by Underground.

　　Meal Plans Available

　　◇Continental Breakfast

　　◇Breakfast and Dinner

　　◇Breakfast,Packed Lunch and Dinner

　　It’s important to note that few English families still provide a traditional cooked breakfast.Your accommodation includes Continental Breakfast which normally consists of fruit juice,cereal(谷物類食品),bread and tea or coffee.Cheese,fruit and cold meat are not normally part of a Continental Breakfast in England.Dinners usually consist of meat or fish with vegetables followed by dessert,fruit and coffee.

　　Friends

　　If you wish to invite a friend over to visit,you must first ask your host’s permission.You have no right to entertain friends in a family home as some families feel it is an invasion of their privacy.

　　Self-Catering Accommodation in Private Homes

　　Accommodation on a room-only basis includes shared kitchen and bathroom facilities and often a main living room.This kind of accommodation offers an independent lifestyle and is more suitable for the long-stay student.However,it does not provide the same family atmosphere as an ordinary homestay and may not benefit those who need to practice English at home quite as much.

　　5.The passage is probably written for　.?

　　A.hosts willing to receive foreign students

　　B.foreigners hoping to build British culture

　　C.travelers planning to visit families in London

　　D.English learners applying to live in English homes

　　解析:推理判斷題。由第一句中的“English language students”提示,加上后面的內(nèi)容可知,這是一則面向想學(xué)英語的學(xué)生的招生廣告,因此選D項(xiàng)。其余三項(xiàng)都是主觀臆斷,沒有事實(shí)依據(jù),故排除。

　　答案:D

　　6.Which of the following will the host provide?

　　A.Room cleaning. B.Medical care.

　　C.Free transport. D.Physical training.

　　解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第二段中的“Rooms will be cleaned”可知A項(xiàng)正確。其余選項(xiàng)都沒有事實(shí)依據(jù),故排除。

　　答案:A

　　7.What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

　　A.Zone 4 is more crowded than Zone 2.

　　B.The business center of London is in Zone 1.

　　C.Hosts dislike travelling to the city center.

　　D.Accommodation in the city center is not provided.

　　解析:推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段前兩句話“Homestay is located in...is commercial and not residential(居住的).”可推斷出倫敦的2、3、4區(qū)相對于1區(qū)來說是居住區(qū),反推1區(qū)應(yīng)是文中所指的倫敦中心的商業(yè)區(qū)。

　　答案:B

　　8.According to the passage,what does Continental Breakfast include?

　　A.Dessert and coffee.

　　B.Fruit and vegetables.

　　C.Bread and fruit juice.

　　D.Cereal and cold meat.

　　解析:細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由倒數(shù)第三段中的“Continental Breakfast which normally consists of fruit juice,cereal(谷物類食品),bread and tea or coffee”可知,只有C項(xiàng)是正確的。故選C項(xiàng)。

　　答案:C

　　Ⅳ.短文改錯

　　假定英語課上老師要求同桌之間交換修改作文,請你修改你同桌寫的以下作文。文中共有10處語言錯誤,每句中最多有兩處。每處錯誤僅涉及一個單詞的增加、刪除或修改。

　　增加:在缺詞處加一個漏字符號(),并在其下面寫出該加的詞。

　　刪除:把多余的詞用斜線()劃掉。

　　修改:在錯的詞下劃一橫線,并在該詞下面寫出修改后的詞。

　　注意:1.每處錯誤及其修改均僅限一詞;

　　2.只允許修改10處,多者(從第11處起)不計(jì)分。

　　This morning I went to the shoes shop to buy a pair of new shoes.When I got there,I noticed a foreign lady talk to a salesgirl.But the salesgirl didn’t understand that the foreigner was saying.They both looked worrying.I went up to help them.The lady is Australian.She wanted to buy a pair of traveling shoes.So I told it to the salesgirl.The lady was very much glad when she took it.She sings high praise for my spoken English.All of them expressed their thanks to me.I felt happy that I expressed myself free in English.

　　答案:第一句:第一個shoes→shoe

　　第二句:talk→talking

　　第三句:that→what

　　第四句:worrying→worried

　　第六句:is后加an

　　第九句:去掉much;it→them

　　第十句:sings→sang

　　第十一句:All→Both

　　第十二句:free→freely