中考復習策略6

　　 六、 介 詞?

　　 (一) 知識概要?

　　 介詞在英語中用法很活,也無一定規律可循。在初中范圍內還應學一個記住一個,特別是那些和動詞的特殊搭配。這樣長期下去不斷學習自然會總結出一套自己的規律來。下面是一般的規律,可幫助學習時參考,千萬不要作為定律去背誦,照搬。?

　　 介詞 表示時間 表示地點方位 表示原因方式 其 他

　　 about 大約在時間?about five o'clock 在周圍,大約多遠?about five kilometres 關于、涉及?

　　 talk about you

　　 above 高出某一平面?

　　 above sea level

　　 across 橫過 walk across the street對面 across the street

　　 after 在之后?

　　 after supper

　　 跟后面?

　　 one after another

　　 追趕

　　 run after you

　　 against 背靠逆風?

　　 against the wall, against the wind

　　 反對?

　　 be against you

　　 among 三者以上的中間?

　　 among the trees

　　 at 在某時刻?

　　 at ten

　　 在小地點?

　　 at the school gate

　　 表示速度?

　　 at high speed

　　 向著,對著?

　　 at me

　　 before 在之前?

　　 before lunch

　　 位于之前?

　　 sit before me

　　 behind 位于之后?

　　 behind the tree

　　 below 低于水平?

　　 below zero

　　 不合格?

　　 below the standard

　　 by 到時刻,在時刻之前

　　 ?by five o'clock

　　 緊挨著?

　　 site by site

　　 乘坐交通工具?by air, by bick 被由?

　　 was made by us

　　 during 在期間during the holidays

　　 for 延續多長時間?

　　 for five years

　　 向去?

　　 leave for Shanghai 為了,對于

　　 be good for you

　　 from 從某時到某時?from morning till night 來自何方?

　　 from New York

　　 由某原料制成be made from

　　 來自何處?

　　 where are you from

　　 in 在年、月、周較長時間內?in a week 在里面?

　　 in the room

　　 用某種語言?in English 穿著

　　 in red

　　 into 進入里面?

　　 walk into

　　 除 分?

　　 divide into

　　 變動?

　　 turn into water

　　 near 接近某時?near five years 在附近?near the park

　　 of 用某種原料制成?

　　 be made of

　　 屬于性質?

　　 a map of U. S .A

　　 on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在上面?

　　 on the desk 靠吃為生live on rice 關于?a book on Physics

　　 over 渡過一整段時間?work over night 在上方

　　 over the desk

　　 超過, 高于?over five pairs

　　 past 超過某一時刻?

　　 ten past five

　　 經過某地?

　　 walk past the park

　　 since 從某時以來?

　　 since 1980

　　 原因?

　　 Since you were ill

　　 through 經過某一時期?through his life 通過、穿過某地?

　　 through the forest

　　 till?until 直到某時為止?till five o'clock

　　 to 差多少時間?

　　 five to ten

　　 問,到,去往?

　　 to Shanghai

　　 面對面?

　　 face to face

　　 給予give a book to me

　　 under 在下面?

　　 under the desk

　　 少于?

　　 under ten

　　 在管制之 下 under the rule

　　 with 用某種工具?with a pen 帶著,具有

　　 with me

　　 without 沒有?

　　 without air

　　 (二) 正誤辨析?

　　 [誤] We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.?

　　 [正] We got to the top of the mountain at day break.?

　　 [析] at用于具體時刻之前,如:sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。

　　 [誤] Don't sleep at daytime??

　　 [正] Don't sleep in daytime.?

　　 [析] in 要用于較長的一段時間之內,如:in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。?

　　 [誤] We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.?

　　 [正] We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.?

　　 [析] in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在這兩個短語中加入任何修飾詞其前面的介詞都要改為on, 如:on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th?

　　 [誤] He became a writter at his twenties??

　　 [正] He became a writter in his twenties??

　　 [析] 這句話應譯為:他在20多歲時就成了作家。在某人的一段生活時間段中要用介詞in來表示,而在具體歲數時用at來表示。?

　　 [誤] He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old.?

　　 [正] He went to New York to find a job at sixteen.?

　　 [析] 在具體年歲前用at, 如:at the age of 12, at your age, 等等。?

　　 [誤] We went to swim in the river in a very hot day.?

　　 [正] We went to swim in the river on a very hot day.?

　　 [析] 具體某一天要用介詞on, 又如:on New Year's Day?

　　 [誤] I'm looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.?

　　 [正] I'm looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.?

　　 [析] 在節日的當天用on,而全部節日期間用at,Christmas是圣誕節期間,一般要有兩周或更長的時間。?

　　 [誤] I haven't see you during the summer holidays.?

　　 [正] I haven't seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.?

　　 [析] during表示在某一段時間之內,所以一般不與完成時搭配,如:I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段時間,可以用于完成時,如:I haven't see you for a long time. 而through 用來表示時間時則為整整,全部的時間。如:It rained through the night.?而since則是表達主句動作的起始時間,一般要與完成時連用。?

　　 [誤] At entering the classroom, I heard the good news.?

　　 [正] On entering the classroom, I heard the good news.?

　　 [析] On 加動名詞表示一就。本句的譯文應是:我一進入教室就聽見這個好消息了。又如:on hearing 一聽見, on arrival 一到達就(on表示動作的名詞)?

　　 [誤] In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.?

　　 [正] At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories.?

　　 [析] at the begining與at the end都是指某事物的開始與結束部分,均不指時間范圍,而in the beginning 則是指開始一段時間。in the end=at last是指最終,終于之意。?

　　 [誤] Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work.?

　　 [正] By the end of next week. I will have finished this work.?

　　 [析] by 引起的時間狀語表示了動作的截止點,其意思為不遲于某一時刻將工作做完,所以主句一般是完成時態。當然可以有將來時態,如:I'll be there by five o'clock.而till則表達其一動作一直持續到某一時刻,但句中的動詞一定要用持續性動詞,而瞬間的截止性動詞應用其否定句式,如:I won't finish this work till(until) next weekend.?

　　 [誤] He came to London before last weekend.?

　　 [正] He had come to London before last weekend.?

　　 [正] He came to London two weeks ago.?

　　 [析] before 一般要與完成時連用,而ago則與一般過去時連用。?

　　 [誤] I have studied English for three years gince I had come here.?

　　 [正] I have studied English for three years since I came here.?

　　 [析] since用來表達主句動作的開始時間,所以其引出的從句中應為過去時,而不能用完成時態

　　 [誤] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours.?

　　 [正] I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours.?

　　 [析] 中文經常講兩小時之后來取,兩天內會修好,而這個介詞在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二,①after 多用于過去時,如:I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加時間是表達一個不確定的時間范圍,如:after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在許諾若干時間內會完成某事時,一定要用介詞in。?

　　 [誤] Three days after he died.?

　　 [正] After three days he died.?

　　 [正] Three days later he died.?

　　 [析] after 與 later都可以用來表達一段時間之后,但它們所處的位置不同,after 在時間詞前,而later在時間詞后。?

　　 [誤] She hid herself after the tree.?

　　 [正] She hid herself behind the tree.?

　　 [析] after多用來表達某動作之后,所以有的語法書中稱它為動態介詞,如:I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind則多用于靜態事物之后。?

　　 [誤] There is a beautiful bird on the tree.?

　　 [正] There is a beautiful bird in the tree.?

　　 [析] 樹上長出的果實,樹葉要用on, 而其他外來的人、物體均要用in the tree.?

　　 [誤] Shanghai is on the east of China.?

　　 [正] Shanghai is in the east of China.?

　　 [析] 在表達地理位置時有3個介詞:in, on, to。 in表示在某范圍之內; on表示與某地區接壤;to則表示不相接。如:Japan is to the east of China. ?

　　 [誤] I arrived at New York on July 2nd.?

　　 [正] I arrived in New York on July 2nd.?

　　 [析] at用來表達較小的地方,而in用來表達較大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。?

　　 [誤] He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road.?

　　 [正] He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road.?

　　 [析] 在門牌號碼前要用at, 并要注意它的慣用法:at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。?

　　 [誤] There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall.?

　　 [正] There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall.?

　　 [析] 在屋內的角落應用in,而墻的外角用at,如:There is a tree at the corner of the street.?

　　 [誤] This weekend I'll stay in Uncle Wang's.?

　　 [正] This weekend I'll stay at Uncle Wang's.?

　　 [析] 要注意英文的特殊表達法,如:at a tailor's shop (裁縫店)=at a tailor's, ?at the doctor's (去看病) at the bookseller's (在書店) at uncle Wang's (在王叔叔家)

　　 [誤] Do you know there is some good news on today's newspaper??

　　 [正] Do you know there is some good news in today's newspaper??

　　 [析] 在報紙上的資訊要用in, 而在具體某一版上,或某一頁上則要用on。?

　　 [誤] The school will begin on September 1st.?

　　 [正] School will begin on September 1st.?

　　 [析] 這里的school應看作不可數名詞泛指學校的課程,即開學之意。要注意,有些活動場所當表達正在從事該種活動時不要加冠詞,如:at table (吃飯), When I came to Tom's home, they were at table. 還有: at desk (學習),at work (工作) at school (上學), in hospital (住醫院) at church 作禮拜?如加上定冠詞則另有他意,如:at the school 即在學校工作或辦事,in the hospital 即在醫院工作或去看望病人。?

　　 [誤] In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.?

　　 [正] On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time.?

　　 [析] 譯文為:在去車站的路上我買了份報紙,為的是消磨時光?在的路上應用on one's way。而 in the way 有擋道之意,如:Please move the chair it is in the way。

　　 [誤] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into.?

　　 [正] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in.?

　　 [正] Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office.?

　　 [析] in是表達一個靜止狀態,在與break連用時其后不加介詞賓語,而into則是動態介詞,與break連用時要加介詞賓語。?

　　 [誤] I'll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.?

　　 [正] I'll leave Beijing for Shanghai.?

　　 [正] I'll leave for Shanghai.?

　　 [析] leave for 是離開某地去某處的固定搭配,不可將for改為別的介詞。這樣的搭配還有:start for 動身前往某處,set out for, sail for。?

　　 [誤] I'm sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop.?

　　 [正] I'm sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop.?

　　 [析] get in, 與 get out是兩個相反的詞組。get in 為上車,而get out為下車,但語法家認為這里的in與out為副詞,所以其后不能接名詞,我們可以講We'd better get in. 或We'd better get out. 還有一組詞組有關上下車:get on/off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into/out of (a car, taxi)?

　　 [誤] Be careful? The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.

　　 [正] Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.

　　 [析] over 與 above 在作為比某物高的意思時有時可以互換。但在垂直方向上的高矮時,即正上方時則要用above.而泛指上方時用over.?

　　 [誤] There is an old stone bridge above the river.?

　　 [正] There is an old stone bridge over the river.?

　　 [析] over還有一意為跨越,橫跨。?

　　 [誤] The Dead Sea is under the sea level.?

　　 [正] The Dead Sea is below the sea level.?

　　 [析] 在垂直下方要用below.?也就是講above與below互為反意詞,over與under也是反意詞。

　　 [誤] There is a big tree in the front of the house.?

　　 [正] There is a big tree in front of the house. ?

　　 [析] in front of 是在物體外部的前面,而in the front of 是在物體內部的前面,如:The driver sits in the front of the bus.?

　　 [誤] It took them two days to walk across the forest.?

　　 [正] It took them two days to walk through the forest.?

　　 [析] across 作為介詞有兩個主要意思:① 橫過,如:I want to walk across the street.② 對面,如:There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三維空間中的穿越。across則多用于平面上的橫過。如:The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.?

　　 [誤] The sun sets toward the west.?