本篇閱讀材料 我們對垃圾的愛 垃圾成堆 選自《經濟學人》(原文標題：Our love of garbage Rubbish heaps 2023.4.14)。如果大家覺得比較簡單，就當作英語四級泛讀材料了解了解，認識幾個新單詞或新表達方式也不錯。如果大家覺得這些材料理解上有難度，不妨當做挑戰自己的拔高訓練，希望大家都有進步。

　　ALTHOUGH it is the buried tombs and the lost cities that get all the press, one of the most valuable things that an archaeologist can dig up is rubbish. Palace murals and heroic statues record the sanitised, official version of history, but a society s garbage tells the true story of how its members lived.

　　With that thought in mind, archaeologists of the future are in for a treat. The industrial societies of the world s developed countries are the most wasteful ever, their spoor turning up in every corner of the Earth. Almost by definition, waste is something that most people prefer not to think too much about. But Edward Humes, an American journalist, is fascinated by the stuff. Garbology is his attempt to make sense of our historically unprecedented readiness to throw things away.

　　The book begins at the Puente Hills landfill, an artificial mountain near Los Angeles. It is the biggest dump in America, 30 years old, 150 metres high and containing 130m tonnes of rubbish within a 700-acre footprint. If it were a building, it would be among the 20 tallest in the city. Building a rubbish pile is, it turns out, surprisingly high-tech. The mountain is a giant, putrid layer-cake, with dozens of strata of rubbish separated by soil and plastic liners designed to contain the brew of noxious chemicals that would otherwise leach into groundwater. The rot produces methane, which is collected via a network of pipes that penetrate the mountain, and burned to produce electricity.

　　From there, Mr Humes traces the history of garbage in America, beginning with New York s White Wings , an army of municipal rubbish collectors created to clean the city s stinking streets in the 19th century, through the heyday of backyard incinerators to the modern day, where the most common solutions often involve burying the stuff in the ground or dumping it in the sea. He talks to the researchers who are chronicling the plasticisation of the oceans, a swelling suspended solution of pulverised plastic. And he describes the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, an enormous expanse of the Pacific Ocean where currents concentrate the trash over a continent-sized area.

　　The author is just as interested in the creation of rubbish as its disposal. But whereas few will disagree with the gist of his observations about the shortcomings of our modern, disposable, consumer culture, the analysis is rather superficial. Mr Humes comes close to blaming a single man J. Gordon Lippincott, an industrial designer for the creation of the entire wasteful model of modern consumerism. And although it is understandable that an American author should write a book looking mostly at the problems of America, it nevertheless feels like a missed opportunity. Some of the most interesting parts of the book come towards the end, where he discusses some of the possible solutions such as Denmark s strategy of burning rubbish to produce electricity, or an Irish scheme to charge shoppers for plastic bags, which led to a 90% drop in their use. Food for thought, and more.

　　【英語四級相關重點單詞及短語】

　　dig up 挖出;掘起;開墾;發現

　　Palace mural 宮廷壁畫

　　heroic statue 英雄雕像

　　in for a treat 會喜歡的

　　spoor n. 足跡;痕跡

　　turn up 出現;發生

　　by definition 按照定義;顯然地;當然地

　　make sense of 了解 的意義;理解;懂得

　　unprecedented adj. 空前的;無前例的

　　readiness n. 敏捷;準備

　　putrid adj. 腐敗的;腐爛的;令人厭惡的

　　strata n. 層;階層

　　noxious adj. 有害的;有毒的

　　leach v. 滲入;滲透

　　methane n. 甲烷

　　penetrate v. 滲透;穿透

　　heyday n. 全盛時期

　　chronicle v. 記錄;把 載入編年史 n. 編年史，年代記;記錄

　　gist n. 主旨;要點

　　Question time:

　　1. What s the difference between Palace murals, heroic statues and rubbish with regard to history?

　　2. Can you list the ways that we deal with rubbish according to the passage?

　　本篇閱讀材料 我們對垃圾的愛 垃圾成堆 選自《經濟學人》(原文標題：Our love of garbage Rubbish heaps 2023.4.14)。如果大家覺得比較簡單，就當作英語四級泛讀材料了解了解，認識幾個新單詞或新表達方式也不錯。如果大家覺得這些材料理解上有難度，不妨當做挑戰自己的拔高訓練，希望大家都有進步。

　　ALTHOUGH it is the buried tombs and the lost cities that get all the press, one of the most valuable things that an archaeologist can dig up is rubbish. Palace murals and heroic statues record the sanitised, official version of history, but a society s garbage tells the true story of how its members lived.

　　With that thought in mind, archaeologists of the future are in for a treat. The industrial societies of the world s developed countries are the most wasteful ever, their spoor turning up in every corner of the Earth. Almost by definition, waste is something that most people prefer not to think too much about. But Edward Humes, an American journalist, is fascinated by the stuff. Garbology is his attempt to make sense of our historically unprecedented readiness to throw things away.

　　The book begins at the Puente Hills landfill, an artificial mountain near Los Angeles. It is the biggest dump in America, 30 years old, 150 metres high and containing 130m tonnes of rubbish within a 700-acre footprint. If it were a building, it would be among the 20 tallest in the city. Building a rubbish pile is, it turns out, surprisingly high-tech. The mountain is a giant, putrid layer-cake, with dozens of strata of rubbish separated by soil and plastic liners designed to contain the brew of noxious chemicals that would otherwise leach into groundwater. The rot produces methane, which is collected via a network of pipes that penetrate the mountain, and burned to produce electricity.

　　From there, Mr Humes traces the history of garbage in America, beginning with New York s White Wings , an army of municipal rubbish collectors created to clean the city s stinking streets in the 19th century, through the heyday of backyard incinerators to the modern day, where the most common solutions often involve burying the stuff in the ground or dumping it in the sea. He talks to the researchers who are chronicling the plasticisation of the oceans, a swelling suspended solution of pulverised plastic. And he describes the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, an enormous expanse of the Pacific Ocean where currents concentrate the trash over a continent-sized area.

　　The author is just as interested in the creation of rubbish as its disposal. But whereas few will disagree with the gist of his observations about the shortcomings of our modern, disposable, consumer culture, the analysis is rather superficial. Mr Humes comes close to blaming a single man J. Gordon Lippincott, an industrial designer for the creation of the entire wasteful model of modern consumerism. And although it is understandable that an American author should write a book looking mostly at the problems of America, it nevertheless feels like a missed opportunity. Some of the most interesting parts of the book come towards the end, where he discusses some of the possible solutions such as Denmark s strategy of burning rubbish to produce electricity, or an Irish scheme to charge shoppers for plastic bags, which led to a 90% drop in their use. Food for thought, and more.

　　【英語四級相關重點單詞及短語】

　　dig up 挖出;掘起;開墾;發現

　　Palace mural 宮廷壁畫

　　heroic statue 英雄雕像

　　in for a treat 會喜歡的

　　spoor n. 足跡;痕跡

　　turn up 出現;發生

　　by definition 按照定義;顯然地;當然地

　　make sense of 了解 的意義;理解;懂得

　　unprecedented adj. 空前的;無前例的

　　readiness n. 敏捷;準備

　　putrid adj. 腐敗的;腐爛的;令人厭惡的

　　strata n. 層;階層

　　noxious adj. 有害的;有毒的

　　leach v. 滲入;滲透

　　methane n. 甲烷

　　penetrate v. 滲透;穿透

　　heyday n. 全盛時期

　　chronicle v. 記錄;把 載入編年史 n. 編年史，年代記;記錄

　　gist n. 主旨;要點

　　Question time:

　　1. What s the difference between Palace murals, heroic statues and rubbish with regard to history?

　　2. Can you list the ways that we deal with rubbish according to the passage?