山東省郯城第三中學高中英語語法復習:部分及全部倒裝
英語句子表達的基本語序是“主語+謂語”。但在實際應用中,因語法結構的需要,或是為了強調,常把謂語移到主語之前,稱為倒裝。
英語的倒裝結構有兩種,其中較為常見的是部分倒裝,即謂語的一部分移到主語之前。
如:Only when the war was over could he begin to work again.
只有在戰爭結束后他才能夠重新開始工作。
另一種倒裝是完全倒裝結構,即把謂語的全部都移到主語之前。如:
1.Here comes the bus.公共汽車來了。
2.“But what the child said is true.” said the father.“可是孩子的話是對的。”父親說。
下面詳細歸納幾種常用的倒裝結構。
一、幾種常見的部分倒裝結構:
1.Only+狀語或者狀語從句放在句首。如:
Only in this way can we improve our English.只有這樣,我們才能提高英語水平。
Only after you left did l find this bag.只是在你離開以后我才發現這只提包。
2.含否定意義并修飾全句的詞放在句首。如:not,little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等等。如:
1)Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽車上班。
2)Never shall I forget it. 我永遠不會忘記這件事。
3)No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我剛一到家,天就開始下雨。
3.So放在句首,跟在一個肯定句之后,表示前面所述內容也適用于另一人或物。如:
1)l like travelling.So does he.我喜歡旅行,他也喜歡。
2)Her father is a doctor.So is her mother.她父親是位醫生,她母親也是。
3)He has been to Beijing twice.So have I.他去過北京兩次,我也去過兩次。
4.Neither,nor或no more放在句首,作“也不”講,跟在一個否定句之后,表示前面所述內容也適用于另一人或物。例如:
1)My teacher didn't agree with him.Nor did I.老師不同意他的意見,我也不同意。
2)I'm not interested in maths.Neither is he.我對數學不感興趣,他也同樣。
注:當前面陳述句有兩個以上不同類型的謂語動詞時,如be,do或can等等,或者既有肯定式又有否定式時,如have和hasn't等等,不能單獨使用so或者neither/nor,而應換用另外的句型結構:
A:So it is with…;
B:It is the same with…請見例句:
1)—I like chicken, but I don't like fish. ——我喜歡吃雞肉,但不喜歡吃魚。
—So it is with me. ——我也如此。
2)Tom is an American,but lives in China,it is the same with Jack.
湯姆是美國人,但他住在中國。杰克也如此。
5.副詞often,短語many a time,或者so修飾形容詞或副詞、位于句首時。例如:
1) So badly was he injured in the accident that he was sent to the hospital for treatment.
在這次事故中他傷得很重,被送進醫院治療。
2)So hard does he work that he has no time to spare for travelling.
他那么努力工作,抽不出時間去旅行。
6.虛擬條件句省略if時,將were,should或had移到主語之前。如:
1)Should it rain,all the crops would be saved.若是下雨的話,莊稼就都得救了。
2)Were my teacher here,he would give some good advice.
我的老師如果在這兒,他會提些好建議的。
3)Hadn't it been for his help,we wouldn't have finished the work in time.
若非有他幫忙,我們就不能及時完成工作。
7.以May…或Long live…開頭的某些表示祝愿的用語。如:
1)May God bless you.愿上帝保佑你!
2)May you succeed!祝你成功!
3)Long live the people's Republic of China!
8.由as though引導的表示“雖然”,“盡管”的讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序時,把從句的表語或狀語等放在as/though的前面。例如:
1)
Young as/though she was, she could work out that problem alone.
雖然她很小,但她卻能獨自解出那道難題。
2)Child as/though he is, he is very brave.盡管他是個孩子,但他卻非常勇敢。
注意:如果從句中的表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。
二、幾種常見的完全倒裝結構
1.there be句型:有時該句型中也可用其他表示存在意義的動詞代替be。如:live, remain,come,stand,go,lie,exist等等。
1)There is a lamp and two cups on the table.桌上有一盞燈和兩只杯子。
2)There used to be a shop around the corner.拐角處過去有一家商店。
3)Once upon a time there lived six blind men in a village in India.
從前在印度的一個村子里住著六位盲人。
2.主語必須是名詞由here,there now, then等詞開頭的句子。如:
1)Here are some interesting stories for you to read這兒有些有趣的故事給你讀。
2)There goes the bell.鈴聲響了。
3.表示方位的介詞、副詞放在句首。如:out,in,up,down,away等詞。但應注意:句子的主語應是名詞,若主語是代詞,則不能倒裝。如:
1)Out rushed the soldiers. 戰士們沖了出去。
2)Away went the boy. 那男孩走開了。
請比較:
3)Away he went.他走開了。
4)Here he comes.他來了。
4.為了保持句子平衡,強調表語和狀語,使句子上下緊密銜接。如:
1)At the entrance of the valley stood an old pine tree.
在峽谷的入口處聳立著一棵古老的松柏。
2)Round the corner came a motorcycle. 一輛摩托車從拐角處轉了過來
5.直接引語位于句首。如:
1)“I love you ,”whispered John. “我愛你。”約翰悄悄地說道。
2)“Help!Help!”cried the boy in the water.
水中的男孩大聲呼喊著“救命啊!”
倒裝結構是語言的一種表達形式,除了上述各種情況需要倒裝以外,還有些被強調部分也常常可以提到句首,形成倒裝。例如:
This they kept for themselves.這東西他們就據為己有了。
因此,如果正確使用倒裝結構,可以使語言表達平地生輝。
虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)這一語法項目是各類英語考試中心測試的重點之一。虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話并不是事實,而是一種假設、愿望、懷疑或推測。
Ⅰ用以表示虛擬條件的虛擬語氣
⒈ 用if條件從句表示的虛擬條件,是虛擬條件最普通的方式。
① 虛擬現在時表示與現在事實相反的假設,其if 從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形,例如:If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虛擬過去時是表示與過去事實相反的假設,if 從句的謂語形式用過去完成時即had+過去分詞,主句用would / should / could / might + have +過去分詞,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多數的虛擬條件句屬于上面三種情況的一種,但并不排除存在條件和后果中,一個和現在情況相反,另一個和過去情況相反,例如:If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.這個句子在高中出現頻率頗高。
④ 但是,如果后果用了虛擬語氣,而條件卻用陳述語氣,這種用法是錯的。
⒉ 除了表示虛假條件外,if從句還可以表示對將來的推測,由于是將來還沒有發生的,所以談不上是真實的還是虛假的,只能說這個事情發生的可能性有多大。一般情況下,可以用陳述語氣的if從句來表示對一個未來事實的推測,這個事實是完全可能發生的。If從句的謂語形式用一般過去式或用were to / should +動詞原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +動詞原形,例如:Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四級第44題)
⒊ 有時可以把含有助動詞、情態動詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if 省去,而將had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前,即用倒裝結構,這時候,如果出現not等否定詞,否定詞需放在主語后面。這種結構在口語中很少使用,但頻頻出現在各類考試中出現,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多數的虛擬條件通過上面所講的兩種方法表達,但在個別句子中也可以通過介詞without和介詞短語but for表達,副詞otherwise等表達出來。例如:We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.(1995年6月四級第46題)值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,謂語動詞必定要用虛擬形式,但包含without等短語的句子,謂語動詞未必一定要用虛擬語氣。
⒌ 有時虛擬條件不是明確地表達出來,而在蘊含在用but引導的從句里,于是便出現了有謂語動詞是虛擬語氣的主句加上謂語動詞是陳述語氣的but從句構成的并列復合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在這樣的句子里,如果主句沒有用虛擬語氣,或者從句用了虛擬語氣,都是錯的。
Ⅱ用在賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
⒈ 在表示愿望的動詞wish后的賓語從句中,需用虛擬語氣。(wish后的that 常省略),根據主句時態,從句謂語時態相應退后一位,例如:How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、請求、建議、命令等主觀意愿的動詞(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用(should) +動詞原形。值得注意的是,如果賓語從句的動詞是否定的,否定詞not的位置應在動詞之前,而不是動詞之后。例如:The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表達“暗示”,insist表示“堅持某種說法”時,后面的從句不用虛擬語氣,例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外,上述動詞也要求用虛擬式
① 在It is+上述動詞的過去分詞,其后所跟的主語從句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述動詞相應的名詞形式作主語+連系動詞,其后的表語從句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在對上述動詞相應的名詞進行解釋的同位語從句中,如:The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would (had)rather , would sooner也用來表達主觀愿望,它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現在或將來,用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反,例如:I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虛擬語氣
⒈ it is +necessary等形容詞后,that主語從句中虛擬形式使用,這類形容詞包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式,例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導的方式狀語從句中的應用(謂語動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句基本相同)表示與現在事實相反或對現在情況有懷疑,謂語動詞用過去式。例如:He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示過去想象中的動作或情況,謂語動詞用過去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引導的狀語從句中,謂語動詞多用虛擬語氣,(should )+ 動詞原形。例如: The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(1998年1月四級第38題)
⒌ 在if only 引起的感嘆句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式或過去完成式。例如: Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.
英語句子表達的基本語序是“主語+謂語”。但在實際應用中,因語法結構的需要,或是為了強調,常把謂語移到主語之前,稱為倒裝。
英語的倒裝結構有兩種,其中較為常見的是部分倒裝,即謂語的一部分移到主語之前。
如:Only when the war was over could he begin to work again.
只有在戰爭結束后他才能夠重新開始工作。
另一種倒裝是完全倒裝結構,即把謂語的全部都移到主語之前。如:
1.Here comes the bus.公共汽車來了。
2.“But what the child said is true.” said the father.“可是孩子的話是對的。”父親說。
下面詳細歸納幾種常用的倒裝結構。
一、幾種常見的部分倒裝結構:
1.Only+狀語或者狀語從句放在句首。如:
Only in this way can we improve our English.只有這樣,我們才能提高英語水平。
Only after you left did l find this bag.只是在你離開以后我才發現這只提包。
2.含否定意義并修飾全句的詞放在句首。如:not,little, hardly, scarcely, no more, no longer, in no way, never, seldom, not only, no sooner等等。如:
1)Seldom do I go to work by bus. 我很少乘公共汽車上班。
2)Never shall I forget it. 我永遠不會忘記這件事。
3)No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我剛一到家,天就開始下雨。
3.So放在句首,跟在一個肯定句之后,表示前面所述內容也適用于另一人或物。如:
1)l like travelling.So does he.我喜歡旅行,他也喜歡。
2)Her father is a doctor.So is her mother.她父親是位醫生,她母親也是。
3)He has been to Beijing twice.So have I.他去過北京兩次,我也去過兩次。
4.Neither,nor或no more放在句首,作“也不”講,跟在一個否定句之后,表示前面所述內容也適用于另一人或物。例如:
1)My teacher didn't agree with him.Nor did I.老師不同意他的意見,我也不同意。
2)I'm not interested in maths.Neither is he.我對數學不感興趣,他也同樣。
注:當前面陳述句有兩個以上不同類型的謂語動詞時,如be,do或can等等,或者既有肯定式又有否定式時,如have和hasn't等等,不能單獨使用so或者neither/nor,而應換用另外的句型結構:
A:So it is with…;
B:It is the same with…請見例句:
1)—I like chicken, but I don't like fish. ——我喜歡吃雞肉,但不喜歡吃魚。
—So it is with me. ——我也如此。
2)Tom is an American,but lives in China,it is the same with Jack.
湯姆是美國人,但他住在中國。杰克也如此。
5.副詞often,短語many a time,或者so修飾形容詞或副詞、位于句首時。例如:
1) So badly was he injured in the accident that he was sent to the hospital for treatment.
在這次事故中他傷得很重,被送進醫院治療。
2)So hard does he work that he has no time to spare for travelling.
他那么努力工作,抽不出時間去旅行。
6.虛擬條件句省略if時,將were,should或had移到主語之前。如:
1)Should it rain,all the crops would be saved.若是下雨的話,莊稼就都得救了。
2)Were my teacher here,he would give some good advice.
我的老師如果在這兒,他會提些好建議的。
3)Hadn't it been for his help,we wouldn't have finished the work in time.
若非有他幫忙,我們就不能及時完成工作。
7.以May…或Long live…開頭的某些表示祝愿的用語。如:
1)May God bless you.愿上帝保佑你!
2)May you succeed!祝你成功!
3)Long live the people's Republic of China!
8.由as though引導的表示“雖然”,“盡管”的讓步狀語從句用倒裝語序時,把從句的表語或狀語等放在as/though的前面。例如:
1)
Young as/though she was, she could work out that problem alone.
雖然她很小,但她卻能獨自解出那道難題。
2)Child as/though he is, he is very brave.盡管他是個孩子,但他卻非常勇敢。
注意:如果從句中的表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。
二、幾種常見的完全倒裝結構
1.there be句型:有時該句型中也可用其他表示存在意義的動詞代替be。如:live, remain,come,stand,go,lie,exist等等。
1)There is a lamp and two cups on the table.桌上有一盞燈和兩只杯子。
2)There used to be a shop around the corner.拐角處過去有一家商店。
3)Once upon a time there lived six blind men in a village in India.
從前在印度的一個村子里住著六位盲人。
2.主語必須是名詞由here,there now, then等詞開頭的句子。如:
1)Here are some interesting stories for you to read這兒有些有趣的故事給你讀。
2)There goes the bell.鈴聲響了。
3.表示方位的介詞、副詞放在句首。如:out,in,up,down,away等詞。但應注意:句子的主語應是名詞,若主語是代詞,則不能倒裝。如:
1)Out rushed the soldiers. 戰士們沖了出去。
2)Away went the boy. 那男孩走開了。
請比較:
3)Away he went.他走開了。
4)Here he comes.他來了。
4.為了保持句子平衡,強調表語和狀語,使句子上下緊密銜接。如:
1)At the entrance of the valley stood an old pine tree.
在峽谷的入口處聳立著一棵古老的松柏。
2)Round the corner came a motorcycle. 一輛摩托車從拐角處轉了過來
5.直接引語位于句首。如:
1)“I love you ,”whispered John. “我愛你。”約翰悄悄地說道。
2)“Help!Help!”cried the boy in the water.
水中的男孩大聲呼喊著“救命啊!”
倒裝結構是語言的一種表達形式,除了上述各種情況需要倒裝以外,還有些被強調部分也常常可以提到句首,形成倒裝。例如:
This they kept for themselves.這東西他們就據為己有了。
因此,如果正確使用倒裝結構,可以使語言表達平地生輝。
虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)這一語法項目是各類英語考試中心測試的重點之一。虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動詞形式,用來表示說話人所說的話并不是事實,而是一種假設、愿望、懷疑或推測。
Ⅰ用以表示虛擬條件的虛擬語氣
⒈ 用if條件從句表示的虛擬條件,是虛擬條件最普通的方式。
① 虛擬現在時表示與現在事實相反的假設,其if 從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形,例如:If I were in your position I would marry her.
② 虛擬過去時是表示與過去事實相反的假設,if 從句的謂語形式用過去完成時即had+過去分詞,主句用would / should / could / might + have +過去分詞,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.
③ 大多數的虛擬條件句屬于上面三種情況的一種,但并不排除存在條件和后果中,一個和現在情況相反,另一個和過去情況相反,例如:If you had followed what the doctor said, you would not have been so painful now.這個句子在高中出現頻率頗高。
④ 但是,如果后果用了虛擬語氣,而條件卻用陳述語氣,這種用法是錯的。
⒉ 除了表示虛假條件外,if從句還可以表示對將來的推測,由于是將來還沒有發生的,所以談不上是真實的還是虛假的,只能說這個事情發生的可能性有多大。一般情況下,可以用陳述語氣的if從句來表示對一個未來事實的推測,這個事實是完全可能發生的。If從句的謂語形式用一般過去式或用were to / should +動詞原形,主句用would / should /could/ might +動詞原形,例如:Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996年1月四級第44題)
⒊ 有時可以把含有助動詞、情態動詞、be或have的虛擬條件句中的連詞if 省去,而將had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前,即用倒裝結構,這時候,如果出現not等否定詞,否定詞需放在主語后面。這種結構在口語中很少使用,但頻頻出現在各類考試中出現,例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday we could have played tennis.→Had it not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.
⒋ 大多數的虛擬條件通過上面所講的兩種方法表達,但在個別句子中也可以通過介詞without和介詞短語but for表達,副詞otherwise等表達出來。例如:We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.(1995年6月四級第46題)值得注意的是,包含but for的句子,謂語動詞必定要用虛擬形式,但包含without等短語的句子,謂語動詞未必一定要用虛擬語氣。
⒌ 有時虛擬條件不是明確地表達出來,而在蘊含在用but引導的從句里,于是便出現了有謂語動詞是虛擬語氣的主句加上謂語動詞是陳述語氣的but從句構成的并列復合句,例如I would have hung you but the telephone was out of order.在這樣的句子里,如果主句沒有用虛擬語氣,或者從句用了虛擬語氣,都是錯的。
Ⅱ用在賓語從句中的虛擬語氣
⒈ 在表示愿望的動詞wish后的賓語從句中,需用虛擬語氣。(wish后的that 常省略),根據主句時態,從句謂語時態相應退后一位,例如:How she wished his family could go with him.
⒉ 在具有愿望、請求、建議、命令等主觀意愿的動詞(desire, demand, advice, insist, require, suggest, propose, order, recommend, decide …) 后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用(should) +動詞原形。值得注意的是,如果賓語從句的動詞是否定的,否定詞not的位置應在動詞之前,而不是動詞之后。例如:The head nurse insisted that the patient not be move.另外,如suggest表達“暗示”,insist表示“堅持某種說法”時,后面的從句不用虛擬語氣,例如:Her pale face suggests that she is ill.或He insisted that he did not kill the boy.
除此之外,上述動詞也要求用虛擬式
① 在It is+上述動詞的過去分詞,其后所跟的主語從句中,如It is suggested that pupils wear school uniforms.
② 在上述動詞相應的名詞形式作主語+連系動詞,其后的表語從句中,例如His suggestion was that classed be re-scheduled.
③ 在對上述動詞相應的名詞進行解釋的同位語從句中,如:The workers raised the demand that their pay be increased to cope with the inflation.
⒊ would (had)rather , would sooner也用來表達主觀愿望,它們之后的賓語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式表示現在或將來,用過去完成式表示與過去事實相反,例如:I would rather he went right now.
Ⅲ其他形式的虛擬語氣
⒈ it is +necessary等形容詞后,that主語從句中虛擬形式使用,這類形容詞包括necessary, important, essential, imperative, urgent, preferable, vital, advisable等,例如It is necessary that you listen to the teacher carefully.或者It is essential that you be able to pronounce every single word correctly.
⒉ 在It's (high/about) time 之后的定語從句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式,例如It is high time that you went to school
⒊ 虛擬語氣在as if / as though 引導的方式狀語從句中的應用(謂語動詞形式與wish后的賓語從句基本相同)表示與現在事實相反或對現在情況有懷疑,謂語動詞用過去式。例如:He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. 表示過去想象中的動作或情況,謂語動詞用過去完成式。
⒋ 在lest 引導的狀語從句中,謂語動詞多用虛擬語氣,(should )+ 動詞原形。例如: The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(1998年1月四級第38題)
⒌ 在if only 引起的感嘆句中需用虛擬語氣。謂語動詞用過去式或過去完成式。例如: Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I had followed your advice.