高考語(yǔ)法定語(yǔ)從句【定語(yǔ)從句】定語(yǔ)從句是一種作定語(yǔ)用的從句，修飾主句中的一個(gè)名詞或代詞；定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫做先行詞。【高考】

　　定語(yǔ)從句也是高考英語(yǔ)的重要語(yǔ)法，是歷年考查的熱點(diǎn)。2024年高考對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的考查主要體現(xiàn)在：1、關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)別；2、關(guān)系代詞which和as的區(qū)別；3、介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句；4、定語(yǔ)從句與其他從句的區(qū)別。

　　【高考重難點(diǎn)】

　　⒈ 定語(yǔ)從句要跟在先行詞的后面。 ⒉ 定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種。 ⒊ 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞有兩種： 關(guān)系代詞：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why 等 ⒋ 關(guān)系詞的作用：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句；代替先行詞；在定語(yǔ)從句中作成分。

　　關(guān)系代詞 關(guān)系副詞

　　起連詞作用，本身又作從句中的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)

　　即起連接作用，本身又在從句中作時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或原因狀語(yǔ)

　　who,whom(…人）

　　whose(某人的…）

　　which(…東西，指物)

　　that(指物或人）

　　as(象…那樣的，和…相同，正如) when(…的時(shí)候，修飾的時(shí)間名詞)

　　where(…的地方修飾場(chǎng)所、方位等名詞)

　　why(…原因；…理由)

　　【考點(diǎn)關(guān)系代詞】(1)who指人，在從句中作主語(yǔ)。

　　Do you know the people who live over the road?

　　你認(rèn)識(shí)住在馬路對(duì)面的人嗎？

　　(2)whom指人，在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，常可省略。

　　A neighbour with whom I shared a garden.與我共享花園的鄰居。

　　(3)whose通常指人，也可指事物，在從句中作定語(yǔ)。

　　That’s the man whose house has burned down.

　　就是那個(gè)男人的房子被燒毀了。

　　（注）whose的先行詞指物時(shí), 可用of which代替, 但詞序不同，

　　即whose+名詞=the +n +of which =of which + the + n.

　　例如：He lives in the room whose window faces south.

　　= He lives in the room, the window of which faces south.

　　= He lives in the room, of which the window faces south.

　　(4)which指事物，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可省略。

　　Did you see the letter which came today?

　　你看到今天來(lái)的那封信了嗎？

　　This is the book which I told you about.這就是我跟你說(shuō)過的那本書。

　　(5)that指事物，也可指人，在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常可省略。

　　Did you know the man that bought the sports car?

　　你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)買了跑車的男子嗎？

　　The police have found the gun that she was shot with.

　　警察已經(jīng)找到了打死她的那支槍了。

　　(6)as關(guān)系代詞，既可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)，常與the same和such連用。先行詞可以是單詞或句子。

　　The disease attacks such birds as parrots and canaries.

　　這種病會(huì)侵襲像鸚鵡和金絲雀之類的鳥類。

　　3.as和which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：

　　1). which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放于逗號(hào)后面 ’t pass the exam, which made us surprised.

　　2). as引導(dǎo)的從句，常用于as is said above（如上所述), as we know , as is well known, as is often the case（正如往常一樣),as is reported, as we expect等結(jié)構(gòu)中，as含有“正如，正像”之意。David，as you know，has not been well lately.

　　正如你所知，戴維近來(lái)身體不大好。

　　【考點(diǎn)關(guān)系詞】(1)when表示時(shí)間，其先行詞往往是表示時(shí)間的名詞(如：time，day，hour，year等)。

　　There are times when I wonder what you are talking about.

　　有幾次我不知道你在說(shuō)什么。

　　Next May，when the new house should be finished.

　　明年五月，到那時(shí)新房子應(yīng)該建成。

　　(2)where表示地點(diǎn)，其先行詞往往是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞(如：place，room，house，area等)。

　　This is the place where my mother was born.

　　這是我母親出生的地方。

　　定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是situation, case, point, scene等名詞而且從句缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，要使用where表示“一種特定的……情況”或“一個(gè)特定的……場(chǎng)合”。如：

　　I have come to the point where I can't stand him. 我已經(jīng)到了無(wú)法容忍他的程度。

　　He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.

　　他發(fā)現(xiàn)他到了有可能會(huì)失去控制飛機(jī)的地步。

　　(3)why表示原因，常用在先行詞reason后面。

　　I don’t know the reason why she looks unhappy today.

　　我不知道為什么她今天看上去不高興。

　　The reason why he said that is quite clear.

　　他為什么那樣說(shuō)的理由是十分清楚的。

　　【考點(diǎn)介詞＋關(guān)系代詞】“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，介詞的賓語(yǔ)只能用which(指物)和whom(指人)，即：介詞＋which/whom。

　　(1)介詞放在關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，介詞賓語(yǔ)只能用which或whom，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。

　　This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.

　　這就是我用來(lái)寫這封信的鋼筆。

　　This is the hero of whom we are proud.

　　這就是我們感到驕傲的英雄。

　　(2)介詞位于定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)尾時(shí)，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，而且作介詞賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞往往省略。

　　This is the pen (that/which) I wrote the letter with.這就是我用來(lái)寫這封信的鋼筆。

　　This is the hero (that/who/whom)we are proud of.這就是我們感到驕傲的英雄。

　　(3)“復(fù)合介詞短語(yǔ)＋關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，常與先行詞用逗號(hào)隔開，定語(yǔ)從句常用倒裝句。

　　He lived in a big house，in front of which stood a big tree.他住在一座大房子里，房前有棵大樹。

　　(4)定語(yǔ)從句也可以由“名詞/代詞/數(shù)詞＋介詞＋which/whom”引導(dǎo)。

　　The house the windows of which were damaged has now been repaired窗子遭破壞的那座房子現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)修好了。

　　(5)關(guān)系代詞前面的介詞使用情況：

　　①根據(jù)與前面名詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。

　　I’ll never forget the day on which I first met him.我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了第一次遇見他的那一天。

　　②根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句后面動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系選擇。

　　The man to whom you spoke just now is a relative of my aunt’s.你剛才和他說(shuō)話的人是我姑姑的親戚。

　　③有時(shí)需同時(shí)考慮動(dòng)詞和介詞的搭配關(guān)系及介詞和名詞的搭配關(guān)系。

　　The clever boy made a hole in the wall，through which he could see what was happening inside the house.這個(gè)聰明的小男孩在墻上挖了個(gè)洞，透過洞可以看到里面發(fā)生的事情。

　　注意：

　　1.含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。

　　This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for.

　　This is the watch for which I am looking .

　　The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are

　　very healthy.

　　The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.

　　2.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each , few

　　等代詞或者數(shù)詞。

　　He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

　　In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

　　There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are

　　from big cities.

　　四、【考點(diǎn)限制性與非限制性】(1)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法

　　①在任何情況下都不能省略；

　　②who(主語(yǔ))，whom(賓語(yǔ))，which(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ))不能用that代替，也不能相互替換；

　　③介詞＋which/whom＋從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞不能移到從句的后面；

　　④when，where可用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。

　　I often think of the happy days，when I played with my little friends in my hometown.我經(jīng)常想起那些歡樂的日子，那時(shí)候我和老家的小伙伴們一起玩耍。

　　We walked down the village street，where they were having market day.我們沿著村子的大街走去，村民們正在那里趕集。

　　(2)兩類定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

　　限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能用逗號(hào)與主句分開，它限制所修飾的先行詞的意義，非限制性定語(yǔ)從句前面需用逗號(hào)與主句分開，它只是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，省去后不會(huì)影響主句意思。

　　My brother who lives in New York has six children.我住在紐約的那個(gè)弟弟有六個(gè)孩子。

　　My brother，who lives in New York，has six children.我弟弟有六個(gè)孩子，他住在紐約。

　　【考點(diǎn)使用定語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)注意的問題】. (1)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由先行詞決定。

　　The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.

　　住在樓下的那個(gè)人英語(yǔ)說(shuō)的很流利。

　　The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.三年級(jí)的學(xué)生明天去爬山。

　　(2)定語(yǔ)從句有時(shí)緊跟先行詞，有時(shí)中間由一個(gè)定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或謂語(yǔ)隔開。

　　There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.

　　在他的眼里有一種我不明白的神情。

　　The days are gone forever when the Chinese people were looked down upon.中國(guó)人民被人輕視的日子一去不復(fù)返了。

　　(3)關(guān)系代詞that與which的用法區(qū)別：

　　①which可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，that則不能。

　　He had failed in the maths exam，which made his father very angry.他數(shù)學(xué)考試不及格，這使他爸爸很生氣。

　　②which之前可以有介詞，that之前則不能有介詞。

　　This is the house in which Lu Xun used to live.

　　這就是魯迅過去居住的房子。

　　③that和which都指物時(shí)，在下列四種情況下【只能用that】而不能用which：

　　a．當(dāng)先行詞是all，everything，something，nothing，anything，much，little，few等不定代詞時(shí)。

　　There was little that I could do for you.我不能為你做什么。

　　That is all that I want to say.那就是我想要說(shuō)的。

　　b．當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。

　　The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他們所參觀的第一個(gè)地方是象鼻山。

　　This is the best film that I have ever seen.

　　這部電影是我看過的最好的一部。

　　c．當(dāng)先行詞被the very，the only，the just等修飾時(shí)。

　　This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.

　　這正是我要買的詞典。

　　Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.

　　史密斯先生是他唯一認(rèn)識(shí)的外國(guó)人。

　　d．當(dāng)人和物同時(shí)作先行詞時(shí)。

　　Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?

　　你知道他們正在談?wù)摰娜撕褪聠幔?/p>

　　e.在疑問詞who, which, what開頭的特殊疑問句中，為了避免重復(fù)只用that。

　　④注意way和time后接定語(yǔ)從句的情況：

　　a．當(dāng)先行詞是way，意為“方式、方法”時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有that，in which和省略三種情況。

　　I don’t understand the way that/in which/省略they worked out the proble我不理解他們解決這道題的方法。

　　注意下面兩個(gè)句子中關(guān)系代詞的不同，試比較：

　　The way that/which/省略he explained to us was quite simple.他向我們解釋的那種方法很簡(jiǎn)單。

　　The way that/in which/省略he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.

　　他向我們解釋句子的那種方法并不難理解。

　　b．先行詞是time時(shí)，若time表示“次數(shù)”講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，that可省略；若time表示“一段時(shí)間”講時(shí)，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或介詞at/during＋which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。

　　This is the second time (that) I have been here.這是我第二次來(lái)這兒。I could hardly remember how many times (that) I’ve failed.我都記不清我失敗多少次了。

　　This was at a time when/during which there were no radios，no telephones and no TV sets.

　　曾有過沒有收音機(jī)，沒有電話，沒有電視機(jī)的時(shí)代。

　　【】（2011·四川卷）17．The school shop,

　　customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays．【B】

　　A．which

　　B．whose

　　C．when

　　D．where（2011·福建卷）24．She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other．【A】

　　A．which

　　B．where

　　C．what

　　D．who

　　（2011·全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷）31．The prize will go to the writer

　　story shows the most imagination．【C】

　　A．that

　　B．which

　　C．whose

　　D． what

　　（2011·江西卷）34．She showed he visitors around the museum, the construction______ has taken more than three years．【C】

　　A．for which

　　B．with which

　　C．of which

　　D．to which

　　（2011·天津卷）10．The days are gone _____ physical strength was all you needed to make a living．【A】

　　A．when

　　B．that

　　C．where

　　D．which（2011·陜西卷）11．I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend,

　　we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.

　　【B】

　　A．which

　　B．where

　　C．who

　　D．that

　　（2011·江蘇卷）24．Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, _____ the audience can buy ice-cream．

　　A．When B．Where C．that D．which

　　答案【A】考查定語(yǔ)從句。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句____ the audience can buy ice-cream．中不缺少成分，先行詞an interval表時(shí)間，所以選擇A。

　　（2011·浙江卷）8．English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of____ uses it somewhat differently ．

　　A．which

　　B．what

　　C．them

　　D．those

　　答案【A】考查定語(yǔ)從句。非限定性定語(yǔ)從句each of____ uses it somewhat differently ．中介詞of后缺少賓語(yǔ)。所以選擇A。

　　（2010重慶）28. In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world.

　　A. where B. which C. whose D. that

　　答案【C】（10福建）24. Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet