在閱讀中我們常常會遇到生詞或雖是熟詞但用原來學過的意思去理解卻不通，這時就需要根據(jù)上下文，也就是語境，去理解，有的也可以根據(jù)構詞法去理解。高考閱讀理解題中也常常要求考生推測詞義。這里著重談談根據(jù)語境理解時的幾條具體線索。

　　詞義推測的六條線索 1.

　　根據(jù)轉折對比關系

　　根據(jù)上下句之間表示轉折或對比關系的連接性詞語來推測詞義。如表示轉折的詞有but, however, otherwise, or, though等, 表示對比關系的標志性詞語有unlike, while, on the other hand, in spite of, in contrast等；另外, 分號也可以表示轉折、 對比或不相干的意義。

　　[例1] Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.

　　The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is ______. A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you B. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you

　　解析：B

　　本句由or引出，與前句意義相對，要求猜的ally顯然與前句的enemy相對，即為“朋 友”，朋友是支持和幫助我們的，故選B。

　　B 2.

　　根據(jù)因果關系 就是根據(jù)前后的因果關系來推斷其中的某個生詞或短語的意思。可能是由表示原因的句意推出表示結果的句子中的某個生詞或短語的意思, 即由因推果法；也可能是由表示結果的句意推出表示原因的句子中的某個生詞或短語的意思，即由果推因法。表示因果關系的有because, so that, so/such...that...等。

　　[例2] Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.

　　What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean? A. Keep everything out of campgrounds. B. Take away everything you bring in. C. Carry all the necessary food. D. Look after your personal belongings. 解析：B

　　句中so引出結果, 由果推因, “不要留下任何參觀的痕跡”, 因此“要把帶來的所有東西都帶走”, 故選B。 B 3.

　　根據(jù)解釋或修飾語 根據(jù)后面的括號中、 破折號后面、 引號中的內容, 或者后面的定語從句，以及namely 和that is等后面的解釋性內容推測生詞或短語的意思。

　　[例3] The schools are reluctant to take time off——even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______. kind

　　B. unwilling

　　C. free

　　D. careless

　　解析： B

　　根據(jù)破折號后面的解釋“即使是有英格蘭和阿根廷比賽門票的老師也很難擠出一天的時間”，可見學校是“不愿意”放假的, 故選B。

　　B 4.

　　根據(jù)同義關系 根據(jù)生詞所處語境中的同義或近義詞的意思來推測它的意思。有時有and 或or等，我們可以根據(jù)前后兩項或多項并列的內容在含義上是接近的或遞進的關系，來確定同等或同類關系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。

　　[例4] It is obvious that if students value highly their test scores, then a great amount of their self-respect is put in the number. Students who perform poorly on the exam are left feeling that it is all over. The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.

　　“a prestigious university” is most probably means ____. A. a famous university B. a technical university C. a traditional university D. an expensive university

　　解析: A 根據(jù)上句可知，此句中的prestigious university就是上句中的good college，也就是prestigious與good或famous同義，故選A。

　　A 5.

　　根據(jù)語境關聯(lián) 由上下文語境的描述猜測出某個詞語的意思。 [例5] (2024廣東)While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class, a monitor (監(jiān)控器) a few hundred miles away was watching her every move.

　　Using a web camera equipped in Jennifer’s Los Angeles apartment, the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the

　　computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room…

　　In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. A. advanced technique???

　　B. sharpening tool C. effective rule??????????????

　　D. dividing line

　　解析：A

　　第一段總述Jennifer在家中考試，有監(jiān)控器監(jiān)視她的每一個動作；第二段具體描述監(jiān)控器如何監(jiān)視她；第三段開頭，this is the cutting edge…，句中this指代什么？就是指上文描述的為了防止網(wǎng)絡教育中考試作弊所采用a monitor進行監(jiān)控的先進技術，故選A。

　　The underlined expression “cutting edge” is closest in meaning to ______. A 6.

　　綜合運用多種方法 除上述方法外, 還可以根據(jù)并列關系、 同類關系、 比喻關系、 定義關系、 所舉實例、 構詞法和生活常識等多種方法推測生詞的意義，有時需要綜合運用多種方法，才可推測其意義。 [例6] The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.

　　The underlined word “fixture” probably refers to something __________. A. that people enjoy eating

　　B. that is always present C. that is difficult to get

　　D. that people use as a gift 解析：B

　　這種新品種菠蘿很暢銷, 當然成為了健康飲食人士購物筐中的“常客”。另外根據(jù)構詞法知識可知, 該詞的詞根是fix, 含有“固定”之意。故選B。

　　B 即學即用 1. ◇The phrase “bringing the error to the clerk’s attention” means _____． A．telling the truth to the clerk B．offering advice to the clerk C．a(chǎn)sking the clerk to be more attentive D．reminding the clerk of the charged item A

　　由表示對比關系的in contrast可知，bringing the error to the clerk’s attention應與前面的we don’t tell the clerk具有相反意義，即telling the truth to the clerk，故選A。

　　A 2. ◇The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours ____．

　　A．a(chǎn)ttracted the customers strongly B．had weak effects on the customers C．tricked the customers into shopping D．caused the customers to lose interest D

　　由因推果法。因為這些顏色使這些產(chǎn)品看起來沒有藥效(weak and ineffective),

　　所以這些顏色就會“使顧客對產(chǎn)品失去興趣”。 D ◇The underlined expression “make a big ‘to do’ over” means ______．

　　A．show much concern about B．have a special effect on C．list jobs to be done for D．do good things for A A

　　由因推果法。“因為較小的孩子更易受傷害”“所以我們成年人通常‘關心較小的孩子’”， 前面兩句也說明了這一點，故make a big “to do” over意為“關心(show much concern about)”。另外，文中的made a fuss over 意為“過分關心”之意。

　　在閱讀中我們常常會遇到生詞或雖是熟詞但用原來學過的意思去理解卻不通，這時就需要根據(jù)上下文，也就是語境，去理解，有的也可以根據(jù)構詞法去理解。高考閱讀理解題中也常常要求考生推測詞義。這里著重談談根據(jù)語境理解時的幾條具體線索。

　　詞義推測的六條線索 1.

　　根據(jù)轉折對比關系

　　根據(jù)上下句之間表示轉折或對比關系的連接性詞語來推測詞義。如表示轉折的詞有but, however, otherwise, or, though等, 表示對比關系的標志性詞語有unlike, while, on the other hand, in spite of, in contrast等；另外, 分號也可以表示轉折、 對比或不相干的意義。

　　[例1] Time is something from which we can’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.

　　The underlined word “ally” most likely means somebody or something that is ______. A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you B. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you

　　解析：B

　　本句由or引出，與前句意義相對，要求猜的ally顯然與前句的enemy相對，即為“朋 友”，朋友是支持和幫助我們的，故選B。

　　B 2.

　　根據(jù)因果關系 就是根據(jù)前后的因果關系來推斷其中的某個生詞或短語的意思。可能是由表示原因的句意推出表示結果的句子中的某個生詞或短語的意思, 即由因推果法；也可能是由表示結果的句意推出表示原因的句子中的某個生詞或短語的意思，即由果推因法。表示因果關系的有because, so that, so/such...that...等。

　　[例2] Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.

　　What do the underlined words “pack out what you pack in” probably mean? A. Keep everything out of campgrounds. B. Take away everything you bring in. C. Carry all the necessary food. D. Look after your personal belongings. 解析：B

　　句中so引出結果, 由果推因, “不要留下任何參觀的痕跡”, 因此“要把帶來的所有東西都帶走”, 故選B。 B 3.

　　根據(jù)解釋或修飾語 根據(jù)后面的括號中、 破折號后面、 引號中的內容, 或者后面的定語從句，以及namely 和that is等后面的解釋性內容推測生詞或短語的意思。

　　[例3] The schools are reluctant to take time off——even teachers with tickets for the England-Argentina game had trouble getting the day off. The underlined word “reluctant” may probably mean_______. kind

　　B. unwilling

　　C. free

　　D. careless

　　解析： B

　　根據(jù)破折號后面的解釋“即使是有英格蘭和阿根廷比賽門票的老師也很難擠出一天的時間”，可見學校是“不愿意”放假的, 故選B。

　　B 4.

　　根據(jù)同義關系 根據(jù)生詞所處語境中的同義或近義詞的意思來推測它的意思。有時有and 或or等，我們可以根據(jù)前后兩項或多項并列的內容在含義上是接近的或遞進的關系，來確定同等或同類關系中的某個生詞所屬的義域，由此可推知其大致意思。

　　[例4] It is obvious that if students value highly their test scores, then a great amount of their self-respect is put in the number. Students who perform poorly on the exam are left feeling that it is all over. The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.

　　“a prestigious university” is most probably means ____. A. a famous university B. a technical university C. a traditional university D. an expensive university

　　解析: A 根據(jù)上句可知，此句中的prestigious university就是上句中的good college，也就是prestigious與good或famous同義，故選A。

　　A 5.

　　根據(jù)語境關聯(lián) 由上下文語境的描述猜測出某個詞語的意思。 [例5] (2024廣東)While Jennifer was at home taking an online exam for her business law class, a monitor (監(jiān)控器) a few hundred miles away was watching her every move.

　　Using a web camera equipped in Jennifer’s Los Angeles apartment, the monitor in Phoenix tracked how frequently her eyes moved from the

　　computer screen and listened for the secret sounds of a possible helper in the room…

　　In the battle against cheating, this is the cutting edge and a key to encourage honesty in the booming field of online education. The technology gives trust to the entire system, to the institution and to online education in general. A. advanced technique???

　　B. sharpening tool C. effective rule??????????????

　　D. dividing line

　　解析：A

　　第一段總述Jennifer在家中考試，有監(jiān)控器監(jiān)視她的每一個動作；第二段具體描述監(jiān)控器如何監(jiān)視她；第三段開頭，this is the cutting edge…，句中this指代什么？就是指上文描述的為了防止網(wǎng)絡教育中考試作弊所采用a monitor進行監(jiān)控的先進技術，故選A。

　　The underlined expression “cutting edge” is closest in meaning to ______. A 6.

　　綜合運用多種方法 除上述方法外, 還可以根據(jù)并列關系、 同類關系、 比喻關系、 定義關系、 所舉實例、 構詞法和生活常識等多種方法推測生詞的意義，有時需要綜合運用多種方法，才可推測其意義。 [例6] The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.

　　The underlined word “fixture” probably refers to something __________. A. that people enjoy eating

　　B. that is always present C. that is difficult to get

　　D. that people use as a gift 解析：B

　　這種新品種菠蘿很暢銷, 當然成為了健康飲食人士購物筐中的“常客”。另外根據(jù)構詞法知識可知, 該詞的詞根是fix, 含有“固定”之意。故選B。

　　B 即學即用 1. ◇The phrase “bringing the error to the clerk’s attention” means _____． A．telling the truth to the clerk B．offering advice to the clerk C．a(chǎn)sking the clerk to be more attentive D．reminding the clerk of the charged item A

　　由表示對比關系的in contrast可知，bringing the error to the clerk’s attention應與前面的we don’t tell the clerk具有相反意義，即telling the truth to the clerk，故選A。

　　A 2. ◇The underlined part “the colours turned the customers off” means that the colours ____．

　　A．a(chǎn)ttracted the customers strongly B．had weak effects on the customers C．tricked the customers into shopping D．caused the customers to lose interest D

　　由因推果法。因為這些顏色使這些產(chǎn)品看起來沒有藥效(weak and ineffective),

　　所以這些顏色就會“使顧客對產(chǎn)品失去興趣”。 D ◇The underlined expression “make a big ‘to do’ over” means ______．

　　A．show much concern about B．have a special effect on C．list jobs to be done for D．do good things for A A

　　由因推果法。“因為較小的孩子更易受傷害”“所以我們成年人通常‘關心較小的孩子’”， 前面兩句也說明了這一點，故make a big “to do” over意為“關心(show much concern about)”。另外，文中的made a fuss over 意為“過分關心”之意。