2024年高考英語熱點(diǎn)題型和提分秘籍

　　專題11 定語從句

　　考生在定語從句的學(xué)習(xí)過程中存在著以下幾個(gè)問題：(1)考生不能辨別定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)；(2)關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇混亂，不清楚關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的使用情況；(3)習(xí)慣性以翻譯的方式來理解定語從句、同位語從句，而使自己陷入困境之中；(4)由于對句型結(jié)構(gòu)分析不到位，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)代詞與關(guān)系代詞錯(cuò)用的情況。

　　題型一

　　關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to ________ you are travelling.

　　【提分秘籍】

　　引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，關(guān)系代詞可作主語、賓語、定語等。

　　1．who, whom, that這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。

　　I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.

　　我已與去年在英語演講比賽中遇到的我校的幾個(gè)學(xué)生成為了好朋友。

　　2．whose既可指人又可指物，在定語從句中作定語。指物時(shí)，“whose＋名詞”可用“the＋名詞＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名詞”來代替。

　　①Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?

　　你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)書法非常漂亮的男孩嗎？

　　②This is the house whose window broke last night.＝This is the house, the window of which broke last night.＝This is the house, of which the window broke last night.

　　這就是昨晚窗戶被打破的那所房子。

　　3.which, that所代替的先行詞是表示事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。

　　①There used to be much shade of an old tree in the middle of the yard, which gave us much cool in summer.

　　過去，院子中央的一棵古樹遮成的大片樹蔭使我們在夏季非常涼爽。

　　②We hope the measures to control house prices, which are taken by the government，will succeed.

　　我們希望政府采取的控制房價(jià)的措施會(huì)成功。

　　4.指物時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that和which一般情況下可換用，但以下幾種情況下一般用that，而不用which。

　　(1)先行詞是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代詞，或先行詞被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修飾時(shí)。

　　I have read all the books (that) you gave me.

　　你給我的書我都已經(jīng)讀過了。

　　注意：當(dāng)something確指某物或某事時(shí)，用that或which都可以。

　　There is something that/which keeps worrying me.

　　有一件事一直令我不安。

　　(2)先行詞被形容詞的最高級或序數(shù)詞the first，the second, ...，the last修飾時(shí)。

　　This is the best film (that)I have ever seen.

　　這是我看過的最好的電影。

　　(3)先行詞被the only，the very，the right等修飾時(shí)。

　　The only thing that matters is to find our way home.

　　唯一一件要緊的事情是找到我們回家的路。

　　(4)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。

　　They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.

　　他們談?wù)撈鹚麄冇浀玫膶W(xué)校里的人和事。

　　5．在以下情況中，只能用which，不能用that。

　　(1)在非限制性定語從句中，如從句中缺少主語或賓語指物，只能用which。

　　Our football team won the final, which made us excited.

　　我們的足球隊(duì)贏得了決賽，這使我們非常興奮。

　　(2)關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)介詞的賓語，且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前時(shí)，只能用which。

　　The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.

　　過去我居住的房子變成了鞋店。

　　題型

　　關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　Greg decided to take some of my songs that I had recorded to a local radio station, ________ he explained about my illness.

　　【提分秘籍】

　　當(dāng)定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語、定語和表語時(shí)，要選用關(guān)系副詞。其中when, where, why是常見的三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。

　　when＝表時(shí)間的介詞(in, on, at, during等)＋which。

　　where＝表地點(diǎn)的介詞(如in, at, on, under等)＋which；

　　why＝表原因的介詞(如for)＋which。

　　1．關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。

　　①Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.

　　現(xiàn)代人更加關(guān)心他們居住的環(huán)境。

　　②The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.

　　我不信任他的原因是他常常撒謊。

　　當(dāng)定語從句中不缺少主語、賓語、定語和表語時(shí)，要選用關(guān)系副詞。其中when, where, why是常見的三個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。

　　when＝表時(shí)間的介詞(in, on, at, during等)＋which。

　　where＝表地點(diǎn)的介詞(如in, at, on, under等)＋which；

　　why＝表原因的介詞(如for)＋which。

　　1．關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的先行詞是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。

　　①Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.

　　現(xiàn)代人更加關(guān)心他們居住的環(huán)境。

　　②The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.

　　我不信任他的原因是他常常撒謊。

　　2．way和time后接定語從句的情況。

　　(1)當(dāng)先行詞是way(意為“方式、方法”，且關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作狀語)時(shí)，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞可以是that, in which或省略。如：

　　I don't like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.

　　我不喜歡他看我的方式。

　　(2)先行詞是time時(shí)，若time作“次數(shù)”講，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)定語從句，that可省略；若time作“一段時(shí)間，時(shí)代”講，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when或“介詞at/during＋which”引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：

　　①This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.

　　這是我第一次和一個(gè)外國人面對面交流。

　　②There was a time when I hated going to school.

　　曾經(jīng)有一段時(shí)間我討厭上學(xué)。

　　題型

　　“介詞＋which/whom”引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　． I'm sorry not to have replied to your letter earlier, ________ I must say, I apologize.

　　【提分秘籍】

　　掌握“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

　　1關(guān)系代詞的確定

　　在介詞后作賓語的關(guān)系代詞只有which和whom。如果先行詞是物，引導(dǎo)詞用which；如果先行詞是人，則引導(dǎo)詞用whom。如：

　　①This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.

　　這就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火車。

　　②This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.

　　這就是我為他買詞典的那個(gè)學(xué)生。

　　2介詞的位置

　　介詞一般放在關(guān)系代詞which和whom之前，但也可以放在原來的位置上。如：

　　①The house in which we live is very large.

　　＝The house (which/that) we live in is very large.

　　我們住的房子很大。

　　②This is the man from whom I learned the news.

　　＝This is the man (that/whom) I learned the news from.

　　就是這個(gè)男人，我從他那里得到的這個(gè)消息。

　　注意：如果介詞和句中動(dòng)詞組成固定詞組時(shí)，這個(gè)介詞一般不前置。如：

　　My youngest brother， whom I have to look after， is demanding.

　　我得照看我的小弟弟，真是讓人費(fèi)神。

　　3關(guān)系代詞前介詞的確定

　　(1)依據(jù)定語從句中動(dòng)詞或形容詞的習(xí)慣搭配來確定。如：

　　The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.

　　我與之說話的那個(gè)人起初沒有回答。(speak to)

　　The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.

　　西湖是一個(gè)美麗的地方，杭州以此而聞名。(be famous for)

　　(2)根據(jù)先行詞來確定。如：

　　I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.

　　我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我在鄉(xiāng)村度過的童年時(shí)光。(during the time)

　　(3)根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思來確定。如：

　　Air, without which man can't live, is really important.

　　空氣真的很重要，沒有它人類就不能生存。(live without)

　　4“名詞/代詞＋介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)

　　此類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有“some/many/most/all/none/the largest＋of＋which/whom”等。如：

　　①Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.

　　問題都在這兒，其中一些我認(rèn)為對你來說很難。

　　②He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.

　　他有三個(gè)兒子，沒有一個(gè)是當(dāng)醫(yī)生的。

　　5“復(fù)合介詞短語＋關(guān)系代詞which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其從句部分常與先行詞用逗號隔開，且從句部分常用倒裝語序。

　　He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.

　　他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大樹。

　　6“介詞＋which/whom＋不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)

　　The poor man has no house in which to live.

　　＝The poor man has no house to live in.

　　＝The poor man has no house in which he can live.

　　那個(gè)窮人沒房子住。

　　題型as引導(dǎo)的定語從句

　　Children under fifteen are not permitted to see such kind of film ________ is bad for their mental development.

　　【提分秘籍】

　　1．a(chǎn)s作為關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中缺少主語或賓語時(shí)使用，通常先行詞由the same, as, such, so等修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as。

　　①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.

　　他們只能讀類似這樣的一些簡易英語改寫的故事。(as作主語)

　　②These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.

　　這些房子以人們期望的低價(jià)出售。(as作賓語)

　　③This is the same knife as I lost.

　　這把小刀和我丟的那把一樣。

　　注意：such...as...與such...that...的區(qū)別

　　such...as...中的as引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，而such...that...中的that引導(dǎo)的是結(jié)果狀語從句。當(dāng)as引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，as在從句中一般作主語或賓語，而that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句時(shí)，that在從句中不作任何成分。

　　①This is such a difficult problem as all of us can't work out.

　　這是一個(gè)我們所有人都不能解決的難題。

　　?從句中的work out缺少賓語，前面的as是關(guān)系代詞，用作work out的賓語。?

　　②This is such a difficult problem that all of us can't work it out.

　　這個(gè)問題很難，我們中無人能解決它。

　　?從句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引導(dǎo)從句的作用，在從句中不作成分。

　　2．關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別

　　(1)位置不同

　　as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能位于主句之后。如：

　　①As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.

　　小男孩總是很活潑好動(dòng)，很難控制，這是常見的情況。

　　②Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.

　　眾所周知，愛因斯坦是一位著名的科學(xué)家。

　　③There was a bank around here as I remember.

　　我記得過去這兒附近有一家銀行。

　　④He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.

　　他考試沒及格，這是意料之外的。

　　(2)意義不同

　　as常譯作“正如，像”，多用于下列習(xí)慣用語中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那樣；as is well known＝as is known to all眾所周知；as we had expected 正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣；as (it) often happens正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣；as is often the case正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的；as I remember (it)正如我所記得的那樣。which常譯作“這一點(diǎn)，這件事”，此時(shí)指前面主句所提到的那件事。如：

　　①He opposed the idea, as could be expected.

　　不出所料，他反對這個(gè)意見。

　　②Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.

　　湯姆進(jìn)步很大，這使他父母很高興。

　　(3)用法不同

　　①當(dāng)非限制性定語從句是否定句或表示否定時(shí)只能用which。如：

　　He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected)．

　　他來得很晚，這是未預(yù)料到的。

　　②當(dāng)as在句中作主語時(shí)，后常接動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果從句中動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，一般用which作主語。如：

　　She has been absent again, as is expected.

　　她又缺席了，正如預(yù)料的那樣。

　　1.【2024·北京】22. I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.

　　A. whose

　　B. why

　　C. where

　　D. which

　　2.【2024·江蘇】23.Many young people, most ______were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase theirdreams.

　　A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those

　　.【2024·天津】9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, ____ the weather may be better.

　　A. that

　　B. where

　　C. which

　　D. when

　　.【2024·浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of ______ has been proved.

　　A. whom

　　B. which

　　C. what

　　D. that

　　1．(2024·北京卷)I borrowed the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week, ________ my classmates recommended to me.

　　2．(2024·福建卷)Students should involve themselves in community activities________they can gain experience for growth.

　　3．(2024·湖南卷)I am looking forward to the day ________ my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her.

　　4．(2024·重慶卷)We'll reach the sales targets in a month ________ we set at the beginning of the year.

　　5．(2024·四川卷)Until now, we have raised 50, 000 pounds for the poor children, ________ is quite unexpected.

　　6．(2024·安徽卷)The exact year________Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

　　7．(2024·陜西卷)Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.　

　　8．(2024·天津卷)English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of ________uses it differently.

　　9．(2024·山東卷)A company________profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.