高考維“升”素35——醫學常識

　　（時間：分鐘）

　　維A1 閱讀理解

　　高考曾用材料：2010湖北卷C篇

　　選材相似度：★★★★

　　設題相似度：★★★

　　難度系數：★★★

　　First aid is the action of limited care for an illness or injury in the beginning.It is usually performed by a lay person to a sick or injured patient until definitive medical treatment can be accessed.Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care.It generally consists of series of simple life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

　　While first aid can also be performed on animals，the term generally refers to care of human patients.

　　Certain skills are considered essential to the action of first aid and are taught everywhere.Particularly，the “ABC”s of first aid，which focus on critical life-saving action，must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries.ABC stands for Airway，Breathing，and Circulation.The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals.Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear.Choking is a life-threatening emergency.A first aid attendant would determine properness of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary.

　　Some organizations add a fourth step of “D” for Deadly bleeding，while others consider this as part of the Circulation step.Variations on techniques to maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider.Once the ABCs are secured，first aiders can begin additional treatments，as required.Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the “3Bs” ：Breathing，Bleeding，and Bones.While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed continuously，certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps at the same time.This includes the action of both CPR and chest compressions to someone who is not breathing and has no pulse.

　　Notes：

　　①lay adj.外行的　②render vt.實施　③priority n．優先權

　　長短句分析：While first aid can also be performed on animals，the term generally refers to care of human patients.

　　句法點睛：本句中，while引導讓步狀語從句，意思是“盡管”。

　　句意：盡管急救可以用在動物身上，但這個術語一般指對病人的救助。

　　【語篇解讀】 急救是指在最后的醫療救護到來之前對病人實施的初步的救助。在實施急救過程中，我們要把握好“ABC”策略，即“氣道、呼吸、循環”三要素。也有人增加了D元素，即“流血”的處理。無論怎樣只要我們掌握合理的急救知識，病人就能得到救助。

　　1．What does “It” in the first paragraph refer to?

　　A．First aid.

　　B．Definitive medical treatment.

　　C．Further medical care.

　　D．An injury.

　　答案　A　[詞義猜測題。聯系第一句作者給first aid下的定義，以及“series of simple life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment”可知，it在這里指急救。]

　　2．When we talk about first aid we usually mean ________ according to the passage.

　　A．giving professional help

　　B．giving original help to humans

　　C．treating animals

　　D．any help to animals and humans

　　答案　B　[細節理解題。聯系第二段中的“the term generally refers to care of human patients”可知，盡管急救可以指對動物的救助，但是一般來說，只指對人實施的最初救助。D有一定的干擾性，救助是指對病人實施的救助，而不是任何幫助都叫“first aid”。]

　　3．When giving first aid we must first make sure ________.

　　A．the airway is clear

　　B．the patient must breathe

　　C．we have necessary medical tools

　　D．the patient is not choked

　　答案　A　[細節理解題。從“Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear.”可知，確保病人氣道通暢，這是最重要的。]

　　4．While a man is choked we should ________.

　　A．begin additional treatments

　　B．make sure he has pulse

　　C．make him breathe smoothly

　　D．take two steps at the same time

　　答案　C　[細節理解題。從“Choking is a life-threatening emergency.A first aid attendant would determine properness of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary.”可知，對窒息病人而言，確保他呼吸是最重要的。]

　　5．What does the whole passage mainly tell us?

　　A．What is most important in first aid.

　　B．How to deal with choking.

　　C．What first aid means.

　　D．How to do first aid.

　　答案　D　[主旨大意題。全文講述了如何對病人進行有效的救助，因此可得出答案為D。其他選項文章都有涉及，但只是細節。]

　　維A2 閱讀理解

　　高考曾用材料：2010安徽卷D篇

　　選材相似度：★★★★

　　設題相似度：★★★

　　難度系數：★★★★

　　Jeremy Wirick,9，has been back in school for less than two months，but he has already had several asthma attacks.A recent attack happened on October 2，after he pushed himself too hard in gym class.Running，power walking，jogging and push-ups took their toll.When Jeremy got home an hour or two later，he was out of breath.He needed to use a nebulizer，a machine that helps send medicine quickly to the lungs，to get his breathing back to normal.

　　Asthma attacks like Jeremy increase in September and October.More than six times as many asthma sufferers who are elementary-school age need hospital treatment in the fall as in the summer.

　　Experts

　　believe

　　many

　　factors

　　can

　　contribute

　　to back-to-school asthma.Kids get together in close spaces，they start passing viruses around.A viral infection can cause an asthma attack.There are also certain fall allergies that can cause attacks.Exercise is another common cause of an attack.Besides，the stress of school can make asthma worse.

　　Parents can play a big role in helping kids with asthma start the school year right.Dawne Gee's 10-year-old son，Alexander，has had asthma since he was a baby.Before the school year starts，she tells school workers in writing about her son's asthma.

　　The Gees live in Kentucky，which has passed laws allowing students to carry their asthma medication with them at school.Alexander's mom makes sure he has his inhaler with him when he goes to school and that he keeps it on hand at all times.In Delaware，where Jeremy lives，kids are allowed to carry their inhalers at school.

　　The American Lung Association says that about 6.2 million American children suffer from asthma.Asthma is the chronic illness that causes students to miss the most days of school.There are many things that schools can do to help students control their asthma.

　　Notes：

　　①asthma n．哮喘　②allergy n．過敏癥　③medication n．藥物治療　④inhaler n．人工呼吸器　⑤chronic adj.慢性的

　　【語篇解讀】 本文是說明文。文章首先通過Jeremy Wirick向我們講述了哮喘病的表現方式，接著講述了它的起因以及預防措施。

　　1．The passage mainly deals with ________.

　　A．how to prevent and treat asthma

　　B．what asthma is and its symptoms

　　C．the side-effects asthma has on kids

　　D．the causes of asthma and its treatment

　　答案　D　[主旨大意題。文章第一段引出要討論的話題——哮喘病，接著作者介紹了哮喘病的起因及治療方法，最后指出父母和學校應該有責任幫助孩子們治療和預防哮喘病，故最佳答案為D。]

　　2．Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the passage?

　　A．Kids are likely to suffer asthma attacks in the fall.

　　B．Stress can add to the risk of asthma attacks.

　　C．Medical officials should be blamed for asthma attacks.

　　D．Asthma attacks will need necessary medical treatment.

　　答案　C　[推理判斷題。由第二段可判斷A項正確；由第三段最后一句可判斷B項正確；由第五段可判斷D項正確。而C項文中沒有提及，符合題意。]

　　3．The passage lists many factors that cause asthma attacks EXCEPT ________.

　　A．a viral infection

　　B．unhealthy habits

　　C．certain fall allergies

　　D．physical exercise

　　答案　B　[細節理解題。由第三段可以判斷A、C、D都是引起哮喘病的原因，只有B項沒有提到。]

　　4．The following paragraph is probably going to talk about ________.

　　A．tips on asthma for schools

　　B．a survey on students with asthma

　　C．the effects asthma has on students

　　D．further understanding of asthma

　　答案　A　[推理判斷題。由最后一段中的“There are many things that schools can do to help students control their asthma.”可以推測接下來要討論學校幫助學生控制哮喘病的措施，故A項為正確答案。]

　　維B 任務型閱讀

　　請認真閱讀下面短文，并根據所讀內容在文章后表格中的單詞空格里填入一個最恰當的單詞。注意：每個空格只填一個。

　　All of us，at some point，experience nights where we have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.The National Institute of Health estimates that one in three adults has bouts of infrequent sleeplessness or insomnia，while one in 10 suffers from chronic insomnia.Being unable to get a good night's sleep can cause disruptions in our day-to-day life.But persistent sleeplessness can lead to physical and emotional health problems.

　　The body needs sleep to rejuvenate itself and rebuild the cells necessary to keep the immune system strong and the brain functioning properly.Everyone's body requires a different amount of sleep to accomplish these goals.The average amount of sleep needed by an adult is around seven or eight hours a night.However，some people can function quite well with less than that，while others need more to be at peak performance.

　　Sleeplessness can be caused by many different things.Most people experience sleeplessness for a short period of time due to an outside stimulus such as stress，improper diet，a poor sleeping environment or an acute medical concern such as the flu.Once the stimulus passes，the ability to sleep will usually return.Chronic sleeplessness may be caused by ongoing health concerns such as the physical pain of arthritis or the emotional pain of anxiety and depression.

　　Prolonged sleeplessness can have a negative effect on the way the body performs daily tasks.Those that suffer from sleepless nights may find themselves feeling drowsy or fatigued during the day.The ability to concentrate or focus on a task diminishes and you are less mentally alert.Because the body needs sleep to support a healthy immune system，those that are sleep-deprived may be more susceptible to both acute and chronic illnesses such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

　　Sleeplessness not only takes a toll on your physical self but also your emotional well-being.Being unable to sleep well for a few nights may only produce minor irritability.However，if sleeplessness becomes chronic，the price could be much higher in the form of anxiety，depression and possibly substance abuse.Those with chronic sleeplessness may turn to controlled substances such as sleeping pills and alcohol to aid them in their quest for a good night's sleep.

　　There are numerous home remedies for mild sleeplessness.Prepare your body for sleep by avoiding caffeinated drinks such as tea or coffee before bed.Don't exercise strenuously before bedtime；instead do something relaxing such as meditate or take a warm bath.Go to bed only when you feel sleepy and not because of a self-appointed bedtime.Finally，create a favorable sleeping environment by removing stimulants from your bedroom such as extra lighting or a television.If you still cannot find relief，it may be time to visit your physician for help.A sleep study will be done that can help to determine the cause of the sleeplessness and possible solutions.

　　【語篇解讀】 在現代生活中，由于各種各樣的原因，大多數人會遭受不同程度的失眠。本文為我們講述了失眠會對我們造成的影響以及解決方法。

　　答案及解析：

　　1．different　[根據文章第一段的第二句“The National Institute of Health estimates that one in three adults has bouts of infrequent sleeplessness or insomnia，while one in 10 suffers from chronic insomnia.”可知，許多人遭受著不同程度的失眠。]

　　2．strengthen　[根據文章第二段第一句中的“keep the immune system strong”可知答案。]

　　3．proper　[根據文章第二段第一句中的“keep...the brain functioning properly”可知答案。]

　　4．average　[根據第二段倒數第二句“The average amount of sleep needed by an adult is around seven or eight hours a night.”可知答案。]

　　5．causes　[根據文章第三段以及右欄中的信息可知，此處表示導致失眠的因素。]

　　6．Physical　[根據第五段第一句“Sleeplessness not only takes a toll on your physical self but also your emotional well-being.”以及右欄內容可知答案。]

　　7．depressed　[根據第五段倒數第二句“However，if sleeplessness becomes chronic，the price could be much higher in the form of anxiety，depression and possibly substance abuse.”可知答案。]

　　8．Solutions　[根據文章的最后一段以及右欄中的信息可知此處給我們提出了一些治療失眠的方法。]

　　9．relaxing　[根據文章最后一段第三句“Don't exercise strenuously before bedtime；instead do something relaxing such as meditate or take a warm bath.”可知答案。]

　　10．necessary/needed　[根據文章最后一段的倒數第二句可以推知答案。必要(需要)的時候要看醫生。]

　　高考維“升”素35——醫學常識

　　（時間：分鐘）

　　維A1 閱讀理解

　　高考曾用材料：2010湖北卷C篇

　　選材相似度：★★★★

　　設題相似度：★★★

　　難度系數：★★★

　　First aid is the action of limited care for an illness or injury in the beginning.It is usually performed by a lay person to a sick or injured patient until definitive medical treatment can be accessed.Certain self-limiting illnesses or minor injuries may not require further medical care.It generally consists of series of simple life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment.

　　While first aid can also be performed on animals，the term generally refers to care of human patients.

　　Certain skills are considered essential to the action of first aid and are taught everywhere.Particularly，the “ABC”s of first aid，which focus on critical life-saving action，must be rendered before treatment of less serious injuries.ABC stands for Airway，Breathing，and Circulation.The same mnemonic is used by all emergency health professionals.Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear.Choking is a life-threatening emergency.A first aid attendant would determine properness of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary.

　　Some organizations add a fourth step of “D” for Deadly bleeding，while others consider this as part of the Circulation step.Variations on techniques to maintain the ABCs depend on the skill level of the first aider.Once the ABCs are secured，first aiders can begin additional treatments，as required.Some organizations teach the same order of priority using the “3Bs” ：Breathing，Bleeding，and Bones.While the ABCs and 3Bs are taught to be performed continuously，certain conditions may require the consideration of two steps at the same time.This includes the action of both CPR and chest compressions to someone who is not breathing and has no pulse.

　　Notes：

　　①lay adj.外行的　②render vt.實施　③priority n．優先權

　　長短句分析：While first aid can also be performed on animals，the term generally refers to care of human patients.

　　句法點睛：本句中，while引導讓步狀語從句，意思是“盡管”。

　　句意：盡管急救可以用在動物身上，但這個術語一般指對病人的救助。

　　【語篇解讀】 急救是指在最后的醫療救護到來之前對病人實施的初步的救助。在實施急救過程中，我們要把握好“ABC”策略，即“氣道、呼吸、循環”三要素。也有人增加了D元素，即“流血”的處理。無論怎樣只要我們掌握合理的急救知識，病人就能得到救助。

　　1．What does “It” in the first paragraph refer to?

　　A．First aid.

　　B．Definitive medical treatment.

　　C．Further medical care.

　　D．An injury.

　　答案　A　[詞義猜測題。聯系第一句作者給first aid下的定義，以及“series of simple life-saving techniques that an individual can be trained to perform with minimal equipment”可知，it在這里指急救。]

　　2．When we talk about first aid we usually mean ________ according to the passage.

　　A．giving professional help

　　B．giving original help to humans

　　C．treating animals

　　D．any help to animals and humans

　　答案　B　[細節理解題。聯系第二段中的“the term generally refers to care of human patients”可知，盡管急救可以指對動物的救助，但是一般來說，只指對人實施的最初救助。D有一定的干擾性，救助是指對病人實施的救助，而不是任何幫助都叫“first aid”。]

　　3．When giving first aid we must first make sure ________.

　　A．the airway is clear

　　B．the patient must breathe

　　C．we have necessary medical tools

　　D．the patient is not choked

　　答案　A　[細節理解題。從“Attention must first be brought to the airway to ensure it is clear.”可知，確保病人氣道通暢，這是最重要的。]

　　4．While a man is choked we should ________.

　　A．begin additional treatments

　　B．make sure he has pulse

　　C．make him breathe smoothly

　　D．take two steps at the same time

　　答案　C　[細節理解題。從“Choking is a life-threatening emergency.A first aid attendant would determine properness of breathing and provide rescue breathing if necessary.”可知，對窒息病人而言，確保他呼吸是最重要的。]

　　5．What does the whole passage mainly tell us?

　　A．What is most important in first aid.

　　B．How to deal with choking.

　　C．What first aid means.

　　D．How to do first aid.

　　答案　D　[主旨大意題。全文講述了如何對病人進行有效的救助，因此可得出答案為D。其他選項文章都有涉及，但只是細節。]

　　維A2 閱讀理解

　　高考曾用材料：2010安徽卷D篇

　　選材相似度：★★★★

　　設題相似度：★★★

　　難度系數：★★★★

　　Jeremy Wirick,9，has been back in school for less than two months，but he has already had several asthma attacks.A recent attack happened on October 2，after he pushed himself too hard in gym class.Running，power walking，jogging and push-ups took their toll.When Jeremy got home an hour or two later，he was out of breath.He needed to use a nebulizer，a machine that helps send medicine quickly to the lungs，to get his breathing back to normal.

　　Asthma attacks like Jeremy increase in September and October.More than six times as many asthma sufferers who are elementary-school age need hospital treatment in the fall as in the summer.

　　Experts

　　believe

　　many

　　factors

　　can

　　contribute

　　to back-to-school asthma.Kids get together in close spaces，they start passing viruses around.A viral infection can cause an asthma attack.There are also certain fall allergies that can cause attacks.Exercise is another common cause of an attack.Besides，the stress of school can make asthma worse.

　　Parents can play a big role in helping kids with asthma start the school year right.Dawne Gee's 10-year-old son，Alexander，has had asthma since he was a baby.Before the school year starts，she tells school workers in writing about her son's asthma.

　　The Gees live in Kentucky，which has passed laws allowing students to carry their asthma medication with them at school.Alexander's mom makes sure he has his inhaler with him when he goes to school and that he keeps it on hand at all times.In Delaware，where Jeremy lives，kids are allowed to carry their inhalers at school.

　　The American Lung Association says that about 6.2 million American children suffer from asthma.Asthma is the chronic illness that causes students to miss the most days of school.There are many things that schools can do to help students control their asthma.

　　Notes：

　　①asthma n．哮喘　②allergy n．過敏癥　③medication n．藥物治療　④inhaler n．人工呼吸器　⑤chronic adj.慢性的

　　【語篇解讀】 本文是說明文。文章首先通過Jeremy Wirick向我們講述了哮喘病的表現方式，接著講述了它的起因以及預防措施。

　　1．The passage mainly deals with ________.

　　A．how to prevent and treat asthma

　　B．what asthma is and its symptoms

　　C．the side-effects asthma has on kids

　　D．the causes of asthma and its treatment

　　答案　D　[主旨大意題。文章第一段引出要討論的話題——哮喘病，接著作者介紹了哮喘病的起因及治療方法，最后指出父母和學校應該有責任幫助孩子們治療和預防哮喘病，故最佳答案為D。]

　　2．Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the passage?

　　A．Kids are likely to suffer asthma attacks in the fall.

　　B．Stress can add to the risk of asthma attacks.

　　C．Medical officials should be blamed for asthma attacks.

　　D．Asthma attacks will need necessary medical treatment.

　　答案　C　[推理判斷題。由第二段可判斷A項正確；由第三段最后一句可判斷B項正確；由第五段可判斷D項正確。而C項文中沒有提及，符合題意。]

　　3．The passage lists many factors that cause asthma attacks EXCEPT ________.

　　A．a viral infection

　　B．unhealthy habits

　　C．certain fall allergies

　　D．physical exercise

　　答案　B　[細節理解題。由第三段可以判斷A、C、D都是引起哮喘病的原因，只有B項沒有提到。]

　　4．The following paragraph is probably going to talk about ________.

　　A．tips on asthma for schools

　　B．a survey on students with asthma

　　C．the effects asthma has on students

　　D．further understanding of asthma

　　答案　A　[推理判斷題。由最后一段中的“There are many things that schools can do to help students control their asthma.”可以推測接下來要討論學校幫助學生控制哮喘病的措施，故A項為正確答案。]

　　維B 任務型閱讀

　　請認真閱讀下面短文，并根據所讀內容在文章后表格中的單詞空格里填入一個最恰當的單詞。注意：每個空格只填一個。

　　All of us，at some point，experience nights where we have difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.The National Institute of Health estimates that one in three adults has bouts of infrequent sleeplessness or insomnia，while one in 10 suffers from chronic insomnia.Being unable to get a good night's sleep can cause disruptions in our day-to-day life.But persistent sleeplessness can lead to physical and emotional health problems.

　　The body needs sleep to rejuvenate itself and rebuild the cells necessary to keep the immune system strong and the brain functioning properly.Everyone's body requires a different amount of sleep to accomplish these goals.The average amount of sleep needed by an adult is around seven or eight hours a night.However，some people can function quite well with less than that，while others need more to be at peak performance.

　　Sleeplessness can be caused by many different things.Most people experience sleeplessness for a short period of time due to an outside stimulus such as stress，improper diet，a poor sleeping environment or an acute medical concern such as the flu.Once the stimulus passes，the ability to sleep will usually return.Chronic sleeplessness may be caused by ongoing health concerns such as the physical pain of arthritis or the emotional pain of anxiety and depression.

　　Prolonged sleeplessness can have a negative effect on the way the body performs daily tasks.Those that suffer from sleepless nights may find themselves feeling drowsy or fatigued during the day.The ability to concentrate or focus on a task diminishes and you are less mentally alert.Because the body needs sleep to support a healthy immune system，those that are sleep-deprived may be more susceptible to both acute and chronic illnesses such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

　　Sleeplessness not only takes a toll on your physical self but also your emotional well-being.Being unable to sleep well for a few nights may only produce minor irritability.However，if sleeplessness becomes chronic，the price could be much higher in the form of anxiety，depression and possibly substance abuse.Those with chronic sleeplessness may turn to controlled substances such as sleeping pills and alcohol to aid them in their quest for a good night's sleep.

　　There are numerous home remedies for mild sleeplessness.Prepare your body for sleep by avoiding caffeinated drinks such as tea or coffee before bed.Don't exercise strenuously before bedtime；instead do something relaxing such as meditate or take a warm bath.Go to bed only when you feel sleepy and not because of a self-appointed bedtime.Finally，create a favorable sleeping environment by removing stimulants from your bedroom such as extra lighting or a television.If you still cannot find relief，it may be time to visit your physician for help.A sleep study will be done that can help to determine the cause of the sleeplessness and possible solutions.

　　【語篇解讀】 在現代生活中，由于各種各樣的原因，大多數人會遭受不同程度的失眠。本文為我們講述了失眠會對我們造成的影響以及解決方法。

　　答案及解析：

　　1．different　[根據文章第一段的第二句“The National Institute of Health estimates that one in three adults has bouts of infrequent sleeplessness or insomnia，while one in 10 suffers from chronic insomnia.”可知，許多人遭受著不同程度的失眠。]

　　2．strengthen　[根據文章第二段第一句中的“keep the immune system strong”可知答案。]

　　3．proper　[根據文章第二段第一句中的“keep...the brain functioning properly”可知答案。]

　　4．average　[根據第二段倒數第二句“The average amount of sleep needed by an adult is around seven or eight hours a night.”可知答案。]

　　5．causes　[根據文章第三段以及右欄中的信息可知，此處表示導致失眠的因素。]

　　6．Physical　[根據第五段第一句“Sleeplessness not only takes a toll on your physical self but also your emotional well-being.”以及右欄內容可知答案。]

　　7．depressed　[根據第五段倒數第二句“However，if sleeplessness becomes chronic，the price could be much higher in the form of anxiety，depression and possibly substance abuse.”可知答案。]

　　8．Solutions　[根據文章的最后一段以及右欄中的信息可知此處給我們提出了一些治療失眠的方法。]

　　9．relaxing　[根據文章最后一段第三句“Don't exercise strenuously before bedtime；instead do something relaxing such as meditate or take a warm bath.”可知答案。]

　　10．necessary/needed　[根據文章最后一段的倒數第二句可以推知答案。必要(需要)的時候要看醫生。]