2024屆高考英語一輪專項語法訓練:《定語從句》
定語從句
關系代詞的用法
1.(2024·湖南卷)Happiness and success often come to those________are good at recognizing their own strengths.
A.whomB.who
C.what D.which
解析: 句意為:幸福和成功經常青睞那些善于意識到自己長處的人。本題考查定語從句。先行詞為those,將先行詞代入定語從句后為:Those are good at recognizing their own strengths.由此可見,先行詞在定語從句中作主語,且表示“人”,故選B項。
答案: B
2.(2024·山東卷) Finally he reached a lonely island________was
completely cut off from the outside world.
A.when
B.where
C.which D.whom
解析: 句意為:他最后到了一座完全與外面世界隔絕的孤島上。本題考查定語從句。定語從句修飾的先行詞是island,將先行詞代入定語從句后為:The island was completely cut off from the outside world.由此可見先行詞在定語從句中作主語,且先行詞表示“物”。
答案: C
3.(2011·山東卷)The old town has narrow streets and small houses________ are built close to each other.
A.they B.where
C.what D.that
解析: 考查定語從句。關系代詞that代替先行詞small houses,在從句中作主語。句意為:這座古老的城鎮街道狹窄,小房子挨得很近。
答案: D
關系副詞的用法
4.(2024·北京卷)Many countries are now setting up national parks________animals and plants can be protected.
A.when
B.which
C.whose D.where
解析: 句意為:很多國家現在都在建立國家公園,在那里動物和植物能夠受到保護。本題考查定語從句。先行詞為national parks,代入從句中為:In the national parks animals and plants can be protected.應該使用表示地點的關系副詞,故選D項。
答案: D
5.(2024·浙江卷)The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform________visitors can watch the big
glasshouses being built.
A.what
B.where
C.when
D.why
解析: 句意為:博物館將在春天開放,屆時將有一個展覽和一個觀光平臺。參觀者可以從這個平臺觀看正在建設的大溫室。本題考查定語從句。先行詞為platform,代入定語從句后為:Visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built on the platform.由此可見關系詞在定語從句中作地點狀語,故用where。
答案: B
6.(2011·江蘇卷)Between the two parts of the concert is an interval,________the audience can buy ice-cream.
A.when B.where
C.that D.which
解析: 考查定語從句。本題的先行詞是interval,意思是“休息時間”,表示時間,在定語從句中充當時間狀語,因此選擇關系副詞when。
答案: A
“介詞+關系代詞”的用法
7.(2024·浙江卷)The children,________had played the whole day long,were worn out.
A.all of what
B.all of which
C.all of them
D.all of whom
解析: 句意為:孩子們因為玩了一整天,都已經精疲力盡了。本題考查定語從句的用法。先行詞為the children,將先行詞代入定語從句后為:All of the children had played the whole day long.由此可見,先行詞在定語從句中作of的賓語,且先行詞表示“人”,故只能用all of whom。
答案: D
8.(2011·江西卷)She showed the visitors around the museum,the construction________had taken more than three years.
A.for which B.with which
C.of which D.to which
解析: 句意為:她帶領游客參觀了這個博物館,建設這個博物館花了三年多的時間。本題考查非限制性定語從句。由于本題中兩個分句之間既沒有從屬連詞,又沒有并列連詞,所以此處應該是一個非限制性定語從句,其中先行詞是the museum和construction之間具有所屬關系,所以應該用介詞of。
答案: C
as與which的用法
9.(2024·新課標卷Ⅰ)“You can’t judge a book by its
cover,” ________.
A.as the saying goes old
B.goes as the old saying
C.as the old saying goes
D.goes as old the saying
解析: 句意為:正如古訓所說“人不可貌相,海水不可斗量”。本題考查定語從句,先行詞為前面一句話。先行詞在定語從句中作賓語,故選C項。go在此處意為“說”,相當于say,用作及物動詞。
答案: C
10.(2024·天津卷)We have launched another man-made satellite,________is announced in today’s newspaper.
A.that B.which
C.who
D.what
解析: 句意為:我們又發射了一顆人造衛星,這件事是在今天的報紙上宣布的。本題考查非限制性定語從句。首先排除A項,因that不能引導非限制性定語從句;先行詞為前面一句話,先行詞在定語從句中作主語,且表示“事物”,故用which引導。who只用于指人;what不能引導定語從句。
答案: B
11.(2024·山東卷)There is no simple answer,________is often the case in science.
A.as
B.that
C.when
D.where
解析: 句意為:科學往往如此,它沒有一個簡單的答案。本題考查定語從句。設空處前有逗號,故判斷設空處引導非限制性定語從句。空格處的引導詞在從句中作主語,排除C、D兩項;that不能引導非限制性定語從句。
答案: A
分隔式/分離式/干擾式定語從句
12.(2024·江蘇卷) The president of the World Bank says he has a
passion for China,________he remembers starting as early as his
childhood.
A.where
B.which
C.what
D.when
解析: 句意為:世界銀行主席說他對中國有一種情結,他記得這種情結始于他的兒童時代。本題考查定語從句。先行詞是a passion for China,在定語從句中作start的賓語,要用關系代詞,所以選B項。
答案: B
13.(2024·浙江卷)Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature,________,for some reason,had withdrawn from all human society.
A.which B.who
C.where D.whom
解析: 句意為:埃倫是一個畫鳥類和自然的畫家,出于某種原因,他已退出了所有的社會活動。for some reason為插入語,可將其去掉,這時可以注意到該復合句中從句缺少主語。根據從句的語意可確定該從句的主語應是指人的,由此可確定答案。該從句為非限制性定語從句,其先行詞為a painter。值得注意的是,有的考生誤將 birds 和 nature 作為從句的先行詞,從而錯選which。
答案: B
14.(2011·天津卷)The days are gone________physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A.when
B.that
C.where
D.which
解析: 句意為:“體力是謀生的唯一所需”的時代一去不復返了。本題考查定語從句用法。先行詞為the days,將其代入定語從句后為:On the
days physical strength was all...由此可見先行詞在定語從句中作時間狀語,故用when引導。本題先行詞與定語從句隔開,構成了“分割性定語從句”,增加了試題難度。
答案: A
1.定語從句中關系詞的選擇應該遵循“缺什么,補什么”的原則。
2.對于“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句,要熟記介詞的選擇標準。
3.point,situation,case,stage,occasion等在定語從句中作為先行詞時,要正確判斷其后是用關系代詞還是關系副詞。如果引導詞在從句中作狀語,則用where或when,否則用that或which。我們可以采用補全法,即根據句意把從句補充完整,補上去的部分在從句中所作的成分就是引導詞在從句中所作的成分。
4.as引導的定語從句通常有比較固定的句式和標志,熟悉其特點,就很容易識別這種定語從句。
5.分隔式定語從句的干擾性最強,解決這類題目的關鍵是把分隔部分去掉,并能夠正確查找先行詞。
一、關系代詞引導的定語從句
1.that用于下列情況:
(1)先行詞是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代詞;
(2)先行詞被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等詞修飾;
(3)先行詞被序數詞、形容詞最高級修飾或先行詞本身是序數詞;
(4)先行詞被the only,the very(正是、恰是),the last修飾;
(5)先行詞中既有人也有物;
(6)在which或who的特殊疑問句中含有定語從句;
(7)先行詞是the way,并在定語從句中充當狀語時,關系代詞用that/in which或省略關系詞。
He talked about the people and the place that he had visited in that country.
他談到了他在那個國家所見到的人和所參觀的地方。
2.whose用來指人或物,在定語從句中只作定語。
(2011·四川高考)The
school
shop,whose
customers
are
mainly students,is closed for the holidays.
這家學校商店大部分的顧客是學生,因放假而暫停營業了。
(2010·北京高考) Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
很少進行體育鍛煉或飲食富含脂肪的孩子體重會增加很快。
3.who,whom,that這些詞代替的先行詞是表示人的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等。
(2010·湖南高考)I’ve become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.我已與去年在英語演講比賽中遇到的我校的幾個學生成為了好朋友。
4.which用于下列情況:
(1)引導非限制性定語從句;
(2)關系代詞充當介詞的賓語,且介詞位于關系代詞之前;
(3)先行詞本身是that時;
(4)引導的定語從句修飾前面的整個主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。
(2024·全國卷Ⅱ)That evening,which I will tell you more about later,I ended up working very late.那天晚上我一直工作到很晚,過后我會告訴你關于那晚更詳細的情況。
二、“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句
1.考查該結構中關系代詞的選用。
若介詞放在關系代詞之前,關系代詞指人時常用whom,指物時常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介詞后,即“介詞+whose+名詞”結構,whose指人、物皆可。
(2024·天津高考)I wish to thank Professor Smith,without whose help I would never have got this far.
我希望感謝史密斯教授,沒有他的幫助,我永遠不會走這么遠。
2.考查該結構中介詞的選用。
(1)一般來說,確定關系代詞前的介詞,可以從以下三方面入手:先行詞的意義;從句中的動詞的固定搭配;句子的意思。
(2)表示“整體和部分關系”介詞常用of。常見結構:
①在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each等代詞或數詞的前/后可以用of which/whom。
②the+比較級或最高級前/后用of which/whom等。
(2024·重慶高考)John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are family members.
約翰邀請了大約40人參加他的婚禮,他們當中絕大部分是家庭成員。
Recently I bought an ancient vase,the price of which (=whose price) was very reasonable.
最近我買了個古代的花瓶,它的價錢很合理。
注意:(1)from where為“介詞+關系副詞”結構,但也可以引導定語從句。
We stood at the top of the hill,from where we can see the town.
我們站在山頂上能看到全鎮的景色。
(2)像listen to,look at,depend on,pay attention to,take care of等固定動詞短語,在定語從句中不能將介詞與動詞分開。
三、as與which引導非限制性定語從句的區別
1.一般情況下,as所引導的非限制性定語從句放在主句之前、主句之后或者插在主句中間皆可,而which所引導的非限制性定語從句則只能放在主句之后。
(2024·安徽高考)Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2024,which made one of the Chinese people’s long-held dreams come true.莫言被授予2024年諾貝爾文學獎,這使中國人長久以來擁有的夢想之一變成現實。
2.當非限制性定語從句的謂語為be announced,be expected,be known,be reported,be said,be shown等被動式謂語時,常用as引導。
(2024·福建高考)The air quality in the city,as is shown in the report,has improved over the past two months.
正如報告所顯示的,在過去的兩個月里,這個城市的空氣質量已有所改善。
3.as表示整個主句內容時,有時含有“正如;正像”等意思,而which無此意。
4.在下列固定結構中,關系代詞as代表整個主句所述的內容,一般不用which。
as we know眾所周知
as has been said before如前所述
as is often the case情況常常如此
四、關系副詞引導的定語從句
當關系詞在定語從句中作狀語時,要用關系副詞。其中when=表時間的介詞(如in,at,on,during等)+which;
where=表地點的介詞(如in,at,on,under等)+which;
why=表原因的介詞(如for)+which。
關系副詞when,where,why的先行詞是表示時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
(2024 ·新課標卷Ⅱ)When I arrived,Bryan took me to see the house where I would be staying.
當我到達時,Bryan帶我去看了我將要住的房子。
The reason why I don’t trust him is that he often tells lies.
我不信任他的原因是他常常撒謊。
注意:(1)當先行詞為一些表示抽象地點的名詞,如:point,situation,case,stage等時,如果引導詞在從句中作狀語,常用關系副詞where引導定語從句;如果不作狀語,則用關系代詞that/which。
Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.
記住在明天的會議上我們還有一點必須弄清楚。
She’s in a hopeless situation,where we will keep a very close eye on her.
她處于無望的處境中,在這種情況下我們將密切注意她。
(2)先行詞occasions當“時機”講時,用關系副詞when;當“場合”講時,用關系副詞where。
Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.我有時間陪我的孩子們一天的機會很少。